when a power driven vessel is being overtaken by sailboat

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When is a Powerboat the Stand-On Vessel Over a Sailboat?

• By Jim Hendricks
• February 20, 2023

I’m strictly a powerboater and proud of it. But I also respect the skill of sailboaters and was schooled from my earliest days afloat that sailboats are generally assigned the privilege of being the stand-on vessels under the rules of the road because they are restricted in their ability to maneuver. 

That means powerboats are the give-way vessels. 

An important note: A sailboat must be under sail to qualify as such under the rules of the road. If a sailboat uses its auxiliary motor instead of sails for propulsion, then it must abide by the same rules of the road that apply to powerboats.

Despite my mentoring to recognize the privileges of sailboats, there is one exception in which a powerboat enjoys the status of being the stand-on vessel over a sailboat. Before we go there, let’s review the rules of the road when it comes to scenarios involving power–versus-sail encounters.

Meeting Head-On

In powerboat-versus-powerboat head-on encounters, the best option is for each vessel to maneuver to starboard to allow the boats to pass safely port to port. The same applies when a powerboat encounters a sailboat traveling downwind on a straight course. But things get complicated when sailboats tack upwind on a zigzag course. In open water, sailboats have plenty of room to tack. But within the confines of a channel, a sailing vessel might be forced to come about frequently in short tacks to stay inside the channel. 

In this case, the skipper of a powerboat (the give-way vessel) must provide the sailboat (the stand-on vessel) a wide berth to maneuver safely. Within a narrow channel, this might require that a powerboat slows to a dead idle or comes to a halt to give the sailboat the road on your side of the channel and allow it to cross safely well in front of you before it comes about and tacks toward the far side of the channel. Once this occurs, you might well have enough space and time to continue safely at the posted speed limit. 

Paths That Cross

When it comes to crossing situations that might pose a collision threat, the rule is pretty simple: The powerboat is the give-way vessel and obliged to pass astern of the sailboat, no matter what direction either boat is traveling. 

This is where the exception to the rule comes into play. In overtaking situations , the boat that is overtaking another boat is the give-way vessel, regardless of whether it is a sailboat or a powerboat. 

The vessel that is being overtaken is always the stand-on vessel and should maintain its course and speed, while the vessel that’s passing (the give-way vessel) signals its intention with one short blast of the horn if passing to starboard of the stand-on vessel, and two blasts if passing to port of the stand-on vessel. Passing should be undertaken in a safe manner and provide the stand-on vessel with the widest berth possible. 

So, there you have it—the exception to the rule when it comes to powerboats versus sailboats. But that leads me to another observation: The same passing procedures apply in overtaking situations between powerboats and human-powered vessels, such as canoes, kayaks, stand-up paddleboards and the like. But how often does a paddler have the opportunity to pass a powerboat or sailboat? 

It can happen. It happened to me while idling out of California’s Alamitos Bay. My boat was struck from behind by a single sculler while he sprinted along during his morning workout. Scullers face aft while rowing, so they are blind to the waters ahead. I had my eyes forward and failed to glance astern, so neither of us saw each other. What’s more, sculls travel almost silently at speeds up to 13 mph, and today’s outboards are extremely quiet at no-wake speeds of 5 mph, so neither of us could hear each other. While the encounter proved startling, we suffered no injuries or property damage. After exchanging a few words, we continued on our way.

While the rules of the road favored me as the stand-on vessel, it is also important to point out the most critical rule of all: Avoid a collision, no matter what the scenario. In this case, by glancing astern regularly, I could have spotted the potential for a rear-end collision and given the sculler a wide berth. It is a lesson I learned well and have applied ever since that day.

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When One Boat is Overtaking Another Which Boat Must Give Way?

Unlike other conditions in which boats meet in the water, when one boat is overtaking another boat, the overtaking vessel is always the give way vessel. This will not always be the case based on both how vessels meet, such as head on or crossing paths, and also based on the types of vessels that are interacting. In this case, however, the overtaking will always be the give way regardless of boat type and the boat being overtaken is the stand on vessel. Let’s clarify that a little further as we move on to remove any potential confusion.

Stand on Vessel

A stand on vessel is a vessel that, in a given interaction with another boat on the water, will be maintaining its course and speed. If another boat comes up behind your vessel and moves to overtake, you are now the stand on vessel. One important thing to remember here is that in most cases a power-driven vessel will always give way to a sailing vessel. However, in the case of overtaking, even if you are a power driven vessel, if the boat trying to overtake you is a sailing vessel, you will still be the stand on vessel and the sailing vessel must give way. Stand on vessels are always the vessels being overtaken.

Give Way Vessel

The give way vessel is the vessel that must take action in any given interaction with another vessel. It’s defined as early and substantial action to keep out of the way of the stand on vessel. That means it needs to be done with more than enough time to be out of the way of the stand on vessel before the two cross paths. And it needs to be substantial enough that there is no danger of the two vessels colliding.

As the boat looking to overtake another boat, you are the give way vessel no matter how your boat is powered, be it sailboat or a powered fishing boat , a personal watercraft or an inflatable pontoon. You must take action to pass the other boat while avoiding it at the same time.

If both vessels are under power, the overtaking vessel needs to use a sound signal to indicate their intent to the stand on vessel. This means using a single short horn blast to indicate the intent to pass to starboard or two short horn blasts to indicate the intent to pass to port. The stand on vessel should return these signals to indicate they understand the give way vessel’s intent.

How Do Vessel Power Types Affect Overtaking Other Vessels

Because some newer boaters can get confused by the rules for encountering other boats of different types, we’ll cover it here clearly.

Power Driven Vessel Meets Power Driven Vessel

If you are in a power drive vessel and you are meeting another power driven vessel head on, neither of you qualifies as the stand on vessel and you must both give way. Both of you should pass to the right or starboard sign after making a sound signal indicating to do so. This is where some boaters may get confused because this is when you are meeting head on and NOT when you are overtaking. When overtaking, the vessel being overtaken becomes the stand on, even if it is a powered vessel.

If you are crossing paths, the vessel to port is the give way and the vessel to starboard is the stand on., which is similar to how overtaking works but obviously you’re on different paths.

Power Driven Vessel Meets Sailing Vessel

When a power driven vessel meets a sailing vessel head on, the power driven vessel is always the give way vessel and the sailing vessel is the stand on. This can again be confusing when you compare to overtaking but remember, when overtaking, the vessel being overtaken is always the stand on no matter what the vessel overtaking it is – powered or under sail. Some new boaters mistakenly believe a sailing vessel will always be stand on, but this is not the case when overtaking, not could it be, really.

Sailing Vessel Meets Sailing Vessel

The meeting of sailing vessels can be slightly more confusing for boaters but just remember, again, the overtaking vessel is always the give way vessel. Otherwise, if you’re meeting another sailing vessel in any other situation, the sailing vessel with wind to the port side is the give way vessel. If both boats have wind on the same side, then the upwind vessel is the give way.

Just remember, the overtaking vessel is always the give way vessel.

What Is Early and Substantial Action?

You will see the term “early and substantial” action appear frequently in literature about overtaking other boats. It’s the standard terminology you’ll find in boating regulations and on boating exams detailing how to overtake or otherwise interact with other vessels on the water. It will always refer to the actions that need to be taken by the give way vessel when overtaking, crossing paths or meeting head on. The term is not entirely clear in its definition, however.

You are required to pass another boat at a “safe distance” but if you read most regulations you’ll never find that term defined. This is for a few reasons. First and foremost, the definition of “safe distance” is not set in stone. The distance you need to pass a jon boat when you’re in your own jon boat will likely be different than the distance needed between a super yacht and a sport fishing vessel . Bigger boats need more distance.

Another variable here is that you can only be sure of your own actions. You don’t know if the other boat operator is aware of the rules of the road and how they are going to respond as you overtake. It is your belief and hope they know what they’re doing, but it’s everyone’s responsibility on the water to be safe and do whatever they can to avoid collisions.

Part of that means that you need to be defensive in your actions and never assume another boater is going to help you out of a tight spot. You need to take that responsibility on your own and make sure, by your own actions alone, you overtake safely. For that reason, you will want to give any other boat a wide berth as you pass them, not just for their safety but for your own. More space means you have more time to react if something unexpected happens.

If the other boat has some kind of emergency, or something unexpected happens that you could have never predicted, you want time and space to react accordingly. That could mean yielding, changing course, or slowing down even though it was not your plan. For that reason, I would recommend ensuring you are giving the other boat that you are overtaking at least 100 feet of space on all sides as you overtake. That means the “early” action you take should have you moving out of the way at least 100 feet behind the other boat but ideally much sooner, and then giving them 100 feet of space as you pass them by. If the vessel is a large fishing boat, commercial or military vessel you should be giving at least 100 yards of space between your boat and theirs.

Always Boat Defensively

Overtaking another vessel can be dangerous and you need to be flexible in how you approach this situation. The fact that there are rules for the situation can put people in the mindset that they are “right” and someone else is “wrong” if there is a problem. And that’s very true, an accident could very much be someone else’s fault, but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t be doing everything in your power to prevent it, even if you are not at fault.

The one rule above all others in a situation like this is to do whatever you can reasonably do to prevent a collision. So even if you believe you should be able to pass at 100 feet to the starboard side, if the other vessel begins to veer into your path, you need to take action to get out of the way. Slow your vessel, change course, whatever needs to happen. You can worry about who messed up later when everyone is still safe and sound and there’s been no accident.

The Bottom Line

When one boat is overtaking another boat on the water, the one that is overtaking automatically becomes the give way vessel. This is true regardless of whether any of the vessels involved are powered by a motor or are moving under sail. That means that the vessel being overtaken should simply maintain course and speed as the stand on vessel. The boat that is overtaking must take early and substantial action to maneuver around the stand on vessel after using sound signals to indicate to the vessel being overtaken of their intentions if they are under power. Once the stand on vessel has acknowledged that they are being overtaken, the give way vessel should pass at a safe distance. Remember to keep out of the way of any vessel not under command, a vessel engaged in fishing, or a vessel restricted in its ability to move.

My grandfather first took me fishing when I was too young to actually hold up a rod on my own. As an avid camper, hiker, and nature enthusiast I'm always looking for a new adventure.

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Meeting situations - Collision regulations Head-on - Overtaking - Crossing

• Free Boating License Study Guide
• Navigation Rules
• Meeting situations - Collision regulations

What do you do when approaching a power-driven vessel head-on?

When two power-driven vessels are approaching head-on or nearly so, either vessel shall indicate its intent which the other vessel shall answer promptly. In this meeting situation, neither vessel is the stand-on vessel.

It is generally accepted that you should alter course to starboard and pass port-to-port.

What does passing port-to-port mean?

When two power-driven vessels are approaching head-on, both vessels should alter course to starboard to pass port-side to port-side.

How many blasts does it take to alter a course to starboard?

When alter course to starboard and pass port-to-port, the accompanying sound signal is one short blast.

What happens if two boats are approaching each other head-on and you can't pass port-to-port?

If you cannot pass to starboard (port-to-port) due to an obstruction or other vessels, you should sound two short blasts to indicate your intention to pass to port (starboard-to-starboard).

Make sure the other vessel understands your intent before proceeding. The other vessel should return your two-short-blast signal.

What must you do if you wish to overtake another vessel?

When two vessels are moving in the same direction, the vessel passing is the give-way vessel and should keep out of the way of the vessel being passed. The vessel being passed is the stand-on vessel and must maintain its course and speed.   If the stand-on vessel realizes that the course intended by the give-way vessel is not safe, it should sound the danger or doubt signal.

At night you would only be able to see the stern light of the vessel being overtaken. You would not be able to see either sidelight.

How many blasts does it take when overtaking another vessel?

If you are overtaking a vessel, remember that you are the give-way vessel until well past, and safely clear of, the passed vessel. Do not cut in front of, impede or endanger another vessel.

Boat behind: "I intend to pass you on your starboard side" - 1 short blast (1 sec.)

Boat in front "Agreement" - 1 short blast (1 sec.)

Boat behind: "I intend to pass you on your port side"  - 2 short blasts 

Boat in front: "Agreement" - 2 short blasts 

What should you do if operating a motorboat that is being overtaken by a sailboat?

Regardless of whether it is a sailing vessel or a power-driven vessel, the stand-on vessel is always the one being overtaken.

As the operator of a power-driven vessel, what should you do if you meet another power-driven vessel?

When two power driven boats are approaching at right angles or nearly so, and risk of collision exists,  the boat on the right is the stand-on vessel, has the right of way and must hold its course and speed.  The other boat, the  give-way vessel, shall maneuver to keep clear of the stand-on vessel and shall pass it by its stern.  If necessary, slow, stop or reverse until the stand-on vessel is clear.

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Right of Way Rules

If a power-driven vessel (A) approaches your powered vessel (B) in your port sector, maintain your course and speed with caution and be ready to take evasive action quickly if the approaching vessel does not take action to stay clear of you.

If a power-driven boat (A) approaches your power-driven vessel (B) from directly in front of you, then you should deliver one short-blast sound signal and alter your course to starboard so that your vessel passes the approaching vessel on your port side.

If any vessel (A) approaches your vessel (B) from within your stern sector (behind you), maintain your course and speed with caution. Any vessel overtaking another must take early and substantial action to keep well clear of the vessel being overtaken. This rule applies to both powered vessels and sailing vessels.

If your power-driven vessel (A) is on a crossing course with either a sailboat (B) or a vessel that is fishing with nets or trawls, you must take substantial action (alter your course and speed) to keep well clear of the other vessel. (Note: sailing vessels must take early and substantial action to keep clear of vessels fishing with nets or trawls. Just because a commercial fishing vessel with nets or trawls is a powered vessel does not mean that the sailboat has the right of way).

As a general rule, rowboats, sailing vessels, and canoes are less manoeuvrable and therefore have the right-of-way over power-driven boats. However, if one vessel is unable to manoeuvre as it normally would, the most manoeuvrable vessel gives way.

Study Guide

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Course Outline

• The Rules of the Road
• Important Definitions
• Required Sound Signaling Equipment
• Sounding Off - When and How to Use Sound Signals
• The Rule of Responsibility
• Proper Lookout
• Rules for Avoiding Collisions
• Overtaking a Power-Driven Vessel
• Approaching a Power-Driven Vessel Head On
• Approaching a Power-Driven Vessel From the Side

Approaching a Sailing Vessel

• Approaching Another Sailing Vessel
• Operating in Heavy Traffic
• Operating in Narrow Channels
• Operating in Darkness - Part 1
• Operating in Darkness - Part 2
• Operating in Restricted Visibility
• Visual Distress Signals
• Marine Distress Signals - Anytime Use
• Marine Distress Signals - Daytime Use
• Pyrotechnic Visual Distress Signals
• Non-Pyrotechnic Visual Distress Signals
• Pyrotechnic Equipment Storage and Handling
• Number of Required Visual Distress Signals
• Aids to Navigation
• Uniform State Waterways Marking System - Part 1
• Uniform State Waterways Marking System - Part 2
• Intercoastal Waterway Markers
• Western River Markers
• Docking Mooring
• Anchoring - Part 1
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When a power-driven vessel B encounters a sailing vessel A, the sailing vessel is ALWAYS the stand-on vessel (unless a sailing vessel is overtaking). In the case above, power-driven vessel B must take EARLY and SUBSTANTIAL action to keep clear of sailing vessel A.

Sailing vessels stand on when being overtaken and give way when overtaking.

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When a Sailboat Overtakes a Powerboat: Understanding the Stand-On Vessel

When a sailboat overtakes a powerboat, it can be confusing to determine which vessel is the stand-on vessel. Understanding the terminology and rules of the road at sea is crucial to avoid accidents and ensure safety on the water. In this article, you will learn about practical scenarios and safety considerations when encountering an overtaking situation, as well as answers to frequently asked questions about sailing and boating regulations.

In an overtaking situation, the overtaking vessel is the give-way vessel, while the vessel being overtaken is the stand-on vessel. However, if the powerboat is overtaking the sailboat from the starboard side, the powerboat becomes the stand-on vessel and the sailboat becomes the give-way vessel. When meeting head-on or crossing paths, the power-driven vessel is the give-way vessel, while the sailing vessel is the stand-on vessel. It is important to know these rules of the road to avoid collisions and ensure safety on the water.

Key Takeaways

• Understanding the terminology and rules of the road at sea is crucial to avoid accidents and ensure safety on the water.
• In an overtaking situation, the overtaking vessel is the give-way vessel, while the vessel being overtaken is the stand-on vessel.
• When meeting head-on or crossing paths, the power-driven vessel is the give-way vessel, while the sailing vessel is the stand-on vessel.

Understanding the Terminology

Defining stand-on and give-way vessels.

When two vessels meet, one vessel must give way to the other. The vessel that must give way is called the give-way vessel, and the vessel that has the right of way is called the stand-on vessel. In general, a sailing vessel is a give-way vessel, and a power-driven vessel is a stand-on vessel.

Boat Types and Their Characteristics

There are  different types of boats , each with its own characteristics. A sailboat is a vessel that is propelled by sails and wind, while a powerboat is a vessel that is propelled by an engine. A personal watercraft is a type of powerboat that is designed for recreational use. Knowing the type of vessel you are operating is important when determining which vessel has the right of way.

Navigational Terms and Signals

Navigational terms and signals are used to communicate with other vessels. The terms port and starboard are used to describe the left and right sides of a vessel, respectively. Sound signals, such as a short blast of a horn, are used to signal your intentions to other vessels. It is important to know and understand these terms and signals to avoid collisions.

Understanding Overtaking

When a sailboat overtakes a powerboat, the sailboat is generally the give-way vessel. However, there are certain situations where the sailboat may be the stand-on vessel, such as when the powerboat is in a narrow channel or restricted waterway. It is important to be aware of your surroundings and the vessels around you to determine which vessel has the right of way in an overtaking situation.

Overall, understanding the terminology and characteristics of different vessels, as well as navigational terms and signals, is crucial in determining which vessel is the stand-on vessel when overtaking another vessel. By staying aware of your surroundings and following proper navigation rules, you can ensure a safe and enjoyable boating experience.

The Rules of the Road at Sea

General navigation rules.

When navigating at sea, it is important to follow the rules of the road to ensure the safety of all vessels. These rules are designed to prevent collisions and help vessels avoid dangerous situations. The rules of the road apply to all vessels, including sailboats and powerboats.

Meeting Head-On and Crossing Paths

When two vessels are approaching each other head-on or crossing paths, the vessel on the starboard side has the right of way. This means that the vessel on the port side must give way and take action to avoid a collision. If both vessels are on the same course and speed, the vessel on the right should maintain its course, while the vessel on the left should alter its course to avoid a collision.

Overtaking Rules and Regulations

When one vessel is overtaking another vessel, the vessel being overtaken is the stand-on vessel, and the overtaking vessel is the give-way vessel. The overtaking vessel must keep clear of the vessel being overtaken and avoid crossing its path. The vessel being overtaken should maintain its course and speed until the overtaking vessel has passed.

In an overtaking situation, the overtaking vessel should sound a signal to indicate its intention to overtake. The vessel being overtaken should also sound a signal to indicate that it is aware of the overtaking vessel. It is important to remember that the overtaking vessel has the responsibility to avoid a collision.

In summary, understanding the  rules of the road at sea is essential for safe navigation. Whether you are meeting another vessel head-on, crossing paths, or overtaking another vessel, it is important to follow these rules to prevent collisions and ensure the safety of all vessels.

Practical Scenarios

Sailboat overtaking powerboat.

When a sailboat overtakes a powerboat, the sailboat is the overtaking vessel and must keep clear of the powerboat. However, if the powerboat is also overtaking another vessel, the sailboat may be the stand-on vessel and the powerboat must keep clear of both the sailboat and the other vessel.

In this scenario, it is important for the sailboat to communicate their intentions to the powerboat. The sailboat can signal their intention to overtake by hoisting a flag or using sound signals. The powerboat should respond accordingly and take the necessary actions to keep clear of the sailboat.

Powerboat Overtaking Sailboat

When a powerboat overtakes a sailboat, the powerboat is the overtaking vessel and must keep clear of the sailboat. However, if the sailboat is also overtaking another vessel, the powerboat may be the stand-on vessel and the sailboat must keep clear of both the powerboat and the other vessel.

In this scenario, it is important for the powerboat to communicate their intentions to the sailboat. The powerboat can signal their intention to overtake by using sound signals or by making a passing maneuver that is clear and safe. The sailboat should respond accordingly and take the necessary actions to keep clear of the powerboat.

Remember, in any overtaking situation, it is important to maintain a safe distance between vessels and to communicate clearly with other vessels. Always be aware of your surroundings and take the necessary actions to avoid collisions.

Safety Considerations

Avoiding accidents.

When a sailboat overtakes a powerboat, safety should be the top priority. To avoid accidents, both vessels should maintain a safe distance from each other and keep a lookout for any potential hazards. It's important to communicate effectively with the other vessel and take necessary actions to prevent any collisions.

Understanding Substantial Action

Substantial action is a term used to describe a maneuver taken by a vessel to avoid a collision. When a sailboat overtakes a powerboat, the sailboat is generally considered the give-way vessel, and the powerboat is the stand-on vessel. However, if the sailboat is overtaking the powerboat too closely, the powerboat may need to take substantial action to avoid a collision.

Effects of Speed and Wake

Speed and wake can have a significant impact on the safety of both vessels. A powerboat that is traveling too fast can create a large wake that can be dangerous for other vessels, especially smaller sailboats. Sailboats should be aware of the powerboat's speed and the size of the wake it creates, and adjust their course and speed accordingly. Additionally, sailboats should avoid sailing too close to the stern of a powerboat to avoid the effects of the wake.

Overall, when a sailboat overtakes a powerboat, safety should be the top priority. Both vessels should communicate effectively, maintain a safe distance, and take necessary actions to avoid any potential hazards. By understanding substantial action and the effects of speed and wake, both vessels can ensure a safe and enjoyable experience on the water.

Frequently Asked Questions

When is a sailboat the stand-on vessel in relation to a recreational powerboat.

A sailboat is the stand-on vessel when it is sailing and a powerboat is overtaking it from behind. The powerboat must keep a safe distance and avoid interfering with the sailboat's course.

What should you do if you are operating a motorboat that is being overtaken by a sailboat?

If you are operating a motorboat that is being overtaken by a sailboat, you should maintain your course and speed. You should not turn towards the sailboat and should give it enough room to pass safely.

What is the stand on vessel in an overtaking situation?

The stand-on vessel in an overtaking situation is the vessel being overtaken. The overtaking vessel must keep a safe distance and avoid interfering with the stand-on vessel's course.

Which boat must give-way when one boat is overtaking another?

The boat that is overtaking must give-way to the boat being overtaken. The overtaking boat must keep a safe distance and avoid interfering with the course of the boat being overtaken.

What should you do to avoid colliding with another vessel?

To avoid colliding with another vessel, you should keep a proper lookout at all times. You should maintain a safe speed and course, and be aware of other vessels in your vicinity. You should also use navigation lights and signals to communicate with other vessels.

Why should a vessel operator keep a proper lookout?

A vessel operator should keep a proper lookout to avoid collisions with other vessels and to navigate safely. By keeping a lookout, the operator can be aware of other vessels in the area, potential hazards, and changing weather conditions. This can prevent accidents and ensure the safety of all on board.

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When Is a Sailboat the Stand-on Vessel in Relations to a Recreational Power Boat

Written by J. Harvey / Fact checked by S. Numbers

Traffic rules and regulations are important for keeping vehicles orderly while on the road. The same applies to boats on the water, and Right of Way rules help keep waterways and boating channels safe. That’s why it’s essential to familiarize ourselves with key points that involve stand-on vessels and give-way vessels.

In this article, we’ll close in on a specific topic related to boating right of way, focusing on sailboats. So, when is a sailboat the stand-on vessel in relations to a recreational power boat?

A quick answer is, a sailboat is a stand-on vessel in most situations except for a few such as when the boat is overtaking or if the powerboat is restricted.

Keep reading to find the detailed answer.

Table of Contents

Boating Right of Way

Determining give-way and stand-on vessels, the sailing vessel as a stand-on vessel, the sailing vessel as a give-way vessel.

There are boating rules that govern boats’ actions while on the water, and these help keep waterways free from accidents. We need to be aware of these rules, especially if we are helming a boat ourselves. Regardless of type or size, watercraft are all subject to these rules for everyone’s safety.

While there is no officially recognized “right of way” for vessels on the water, the closest we have is the give-way and stand-on designation. They let us determine which party is given priority to stay their course. These terms serve to identify boats in different situations when meeting on the water. They allow us to take appropriate action to avoid any boating mishaps.

• Give-Way Vessel

The boat deemed responsible to give way to the other boat is called the give-way vessel. Being the give-way vessel means it is your responsibility to avoid the other boat to ensure no collision occurs and signal the other party of your intentions.

• Stand-on Vessel

While the give-way vessel is responsible for avoiding the other boat, this other boat’s responsibility is to maintain its course and speed; this is the stand-on vessel. It is also the stand-on vessel’s responsibility to look out for the give-way vessel’s actions and signals and respond to them as the situation dictates.

Determining between these two will allow us to act correctly in any situation. Therefore, it is important always to keep an eye and ear out for other vessels when we’re out on the water. Detecting other vessels early will allow us ample time to recognize each situation and react appropriately.

Looking at a boat’s propulsion makes it easier for us to determine which boat is which.

There are two common types of boats based on their propulsion; sailing vessels and power-driven vessels. Boats having similar propulsion makes this more complicated and is a discussion we’ll save for another time.

• A power-driven vessel makes use of any type of machinery for propulsion.
• A sailing vessel makes use of wind and sail.

Certain sailboats use both a sail and an engine. Still, any sailboat using its engine is considered a power-driven vessel at that given moment. Determining propulsion is important because, for most situations, the sailing vessel is given priority when the other vessel is a power-driven one.

When a sailboat meets a power-driven boat such as a recreational powerboat, the sailboat is the stand-on vessel in most situations. This is because the boat using an engine is more capable of making the necessary adjustment to ensure that no collision occurs.

Even when a sailboat is approaching a powerboat, the sailboat will still serve as a stand-on vessel because of its limited maneuverability.

Let’s consider another situation where a powerboat is about to cross paths with a sailboat under sail. What should the powerboat do? In such a situation, the powerboat is the give-way vessel and must adjust its course and speed to allow the sailboat passage.

Sailboats are usually stand-on vessel when meeting a recreational powerboat or any power-driven vessel, but there are exceptions.

When a sailboat overtakes a powerboat which vessel is the stand on the vessel? In such a situation, the overtaking vessel is always the give-way vessel regardless of its propulsion type.

Another situation where a sailing vessel is a give-way vessel when meeting a power-driven vessel is when the motorized boat is limited in its ability to maneuver or is not under command. This is the situation where the sailboat needs to react and adjust accordingly to avoid any untoward incident.

Other situations where a sailing vessel is a give-way vessel include but are not limited to when the other boat is restricted in its visibility, and when a vessel is engaged in fishing. Remember that it takes longer for sailboats to adjust their speed and course than boats using an engine.

The boating rules relating to stand-on and give-way vessels are important for every boater to know. We need to learn many things, but now that you know ‘when is a sailboat the stand-on vessel in relation to a recreational power boat?’, that’s one thing to strike off the list. Just make sure to keep learning more to keep ourselves and others safe.

If you have any comments or suggestions about boating right of way or any related topics, please leave them below. We’re eager to hear from you.

Remember to boat safely.

“My intention from the first day establishing Boating Basics Online is to provide as much help as possible for boaters who want to experience a first safe and convenient trip. So feel free to join us and share your beautiful journeys to the sea!”

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Chapter 12 - Obey the "Rules of the Road"

From: Transport Canada

Transport Publication TP 14070 E (2010)

• Table of Contents
• Document Information
• Who Should Read This Guide?
• Introduction

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The  Collision Regulations govern marine traffic behaviour and patterns to reduce the risk of collisions at sea. These regulations are the "rules of road." They set out the rules between vessels underway and for vessels meeting head-on, crossing and overtaking when in sight of one another and when visibility is restricted.

The Collision Regulations apply to all vessels, from small boats up to large freighters, on all navigable waters in Canada and, with some modifications, are the same as international requirements.

This guide covers general rules of navigation for common situations in good visibility that all small vessel operators must know and remember 22 . To learn what to do in other situations, such as when you cannot see other vessels because of rain or fog, refer directly to the Collision Regulations , Schedule 1, Part B.

Constant Lookout

Operators must maintain a constant all-around lookout by sight and hearing. You must use every available means, including radar and radio (if equipped), to determine whether there is any risk of collision with another vessel.

You must always operate your vessel at a safe speed so that you can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and stop within a proper distance for the circumstances and conditions.

In the Canadian waters of a roadstead (a partly sheltered anchorage), harbour, river, lake or inland waterway, every vessel passing another vessel or work that includes a dredge, tow, grounded vessel or wreck must proceed with caution at a speed that will not adversely affect the vessel or work being passed and comply with relevant content of any  Notice to Mariners or Notice to Shipping .

A general speed limit of 10 km/h within 30 metres of shore is in force 23 for all power-driven vessels on:

• the waters of Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta;
• the lakes and rivers of Nova Scotia and British Columbia;
• Bras d'Or Lake in Nova Scotia, inland of a line drawn from Coffin Head and Red Head in Great Bras d'Or Channel and the inland end of St. Peters Canal; and
• Nitinat Lake and Nitinat River, upstream of Nitinat Bar, in British Columbia

unless the river is less than 100 metres wide, or the vessel is travelling in canals or buoyed channels, or another speed limit is in effect.

Power-Driven Vessels

A power-driven vessel is any vessel propelled by machinery.

Crossing Situation in Sight of One Another

Figure 12-1 Crossing Situation

Figure 12-2 Head-on Approach

If a power-driven vessel approaches your power-driven vessel from your port side and poses a risk of collision, you are the "stand-on" vessel. Maintain your course and speed unless you see that the "give-way"vessel is not taking appropriate action. The other vessel is the "give-way" vessel and is required to keep out of your way (see Figure 12-1).

If a power-driven vessel approaches your power-driven vessel from your starboard side and poses a risk of collision, you are the “give-way” vessel. You must keep out of the way and avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel. The other vessel is the "stand-on" vessel and will maintain its course and speed.

Meeting or Head-On Situation in Sight of One Another

If a power-driven vessel approaches your power-driven vessel head-on or nearly head-on, where there is a possible risk of collision, you should alter your course to starboard so that the other vessel will pass on your port side. The other vessel must take the same action, so that you will pass on its port side (see Figure 12-2).

Figure 12-3 Sectors of a Vessel

Passing or Overtaking

If you are approaching another vessel to pass, you must keep out of its way. A vessel is considered to be overtaking another vessel if it approaches from a direction within the stern sector (see Figure 12-3).

Keeping out of the Way

Power-driven vessels must keep out of the way of sailing vessels, vessels engaged in fishing, vessels that are not able to manoeuvre, as well as rowing boats and other craft with restricted handling.You must take early action to keep clear of these vessels unless being overtaken by one of them.

Vessels less than 20 metres long and fishing vessels must not get in the way of larger vessels within a narrow channel.

When changing course or speed to keep out of the way of another vessel, make it clearly visible to the stand-on vessel that you have taken appropriate action.

If you are not sure what another vessel is going to do, give 5 short blasts on your whistle. If the vessel doesn't make a clear change in course, change your course to get out of its way.

Take it with you: You can order a free, waterproof quick reference card that explains the basic rules of the road from the Transport Canada website. Search shop.tc.gc.ca for Rules of the Road ( TP 14352).

More Information

To consult your local Transport Canada Centre, see Appendix 2 .

Collision Regulations http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._1416/

Vessel Operation Restriction Regulations http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2008-120/

Rules of the Road ( TP 14352) www.tc.gc.ca/eng/marinesafety/tp-tp14352-menu-614.htm

22. IMPORTANT: The information provided here highlights only some of the rules of the road. It is the duty of the vessel owner and operator to be aware of the complete Collision Regulations requirements relating to their vessel. ^ 23. Vessel Operation Restriction Regulations . ^

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Marine Navigation Rules

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By following three simple rules, and one wise principle, you can spend a lifetime avoiding collisions on the water.

Illustration: ©2015 Mirto Art Studios

On the water, with no lane markers, stop signs, traffic lights, or crosswalks, you'd think every busy weekend would bring pileups of boating accidents. Why don't they? The answer lies in the Navigation Rules, more properly called the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea.

At their core, the Rules are surprisingly simple. Still more surprising is how well they work. We'll focus here on recreational powerboats in clear daylight. Later, we'll look briefly at other kinds of boats and other situations.

The key to the simplicity behind the Rules starts here: There are only three ways boats can collide — overtaking, meeting head-on, and crossing. As long as you know what to do in each scenario — as well as what to do when the other boater doesn't follow the Rules — you can be reasonably assured of avoiding collisions throughout all your time on the water. There's a beautiful quirk in the International Navigation Rules: They avoid the phrase "right of way." Instead, they refer to a "give-way" vessel and to a "stand-on" vessel.

Give-Way Vessel

"Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and substantial action to keep well clear." (Rule 16 — Action by Give-Way Vessel.)

Stand-On Vessel

"Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course and speed." (Rule 17 — Action by Stand-On Vessel.) This brings up one of the most important principles underpinning the Rules: that it's more important to avoid an accident than it is to follow the Rules. The implication is that no one has the "right" to keep course and speed if doing so will lead to a collision. Rule 17 allows the stand-on vessel to "take action to avoid collision by her maneuver alone" as soon as she recognizes that the other boat isn't following the Rules, and Rule 2 makes every boater responsible for taking any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen or by the special circumstances of the case. (Rule 2 — Responsibility and Rule 17 — Action by Stand-On Vessel.) Let's look at those three scenarios and see what the Rules say about how to avoid collisions.

This one's simple: "Any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of way of the vessel being overtaken." See Figure 1. So far, so good. But when, exactly, is a vessel overtaking? The Rules are explicit: when she's coming up on another from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam. OK, but what if you're not sure about the angle? Again, the Rules answer that one: Assume that you are overtaking. (Rule 13 — Overtaking.)

Head-On Situation

"When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision, each shall alter course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other." See Figure 2 . But what if you're not sure whether your courses are reciprocal? Again, the Rules are ready for that one: Assume that they are, and act accordingly (Rule 14 — Head-On Situation).

These three situations are by and large handled identically whether under Inland or International Rules. See Tip to learn which rules apply to you. But Inland Rule 14 adds a wrinkle for the Great Lakes and certain other inland waters: "A power-driven vessel ... proceeding downbound with a following current shall have the right-of-way over an upbound vessel." Notice that phrase "right-of-way"? This is one of its rare appearances — and it's in the Inland version only, not the International.

Crossing Situation

"When two power-driven vessels are crossing, so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel." See Figure 3.

And that's it. The idea is that if a boat poses a collision risk, it can only be coming from one of three directions: ahead of you, from the side, or from behind. Of course, we've only spoken here about powerboats that can see each other in daylight. Sailboats under power, even if they have sails raised, and personal watercraft follow the same rules as power-driven vessels. Other Rules describe the different responsibilities of sailboats, fishing boats, tugboats, and others, as well as boats operating at nighttime or in fog. (See sidebar below.)

Responsibility Between Vessels

On the water, you'll encounter many different types of boats and ships.

When different types of vessels pose a risk of collision, the Rules establish a hierarchy of privilege, laid down in Rule 18. These are shown below in order of priority, based on ability to maneuver.

Except where Rules 9, 10, and 13 otherwise require, a power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of another vessel, in the following order:

• Vessel Not Under Command: The emphasis here is on unusual circumstances: mechanical failure, or injury to the operator.
• Vessel Restricted In Its Ability To Maneuver: The emphasis here is on vessels that are hard to maneuver either by design or by the nature of their work. Buoy tenders and dredgers are good examples.
• Vessels Constrained By Draft: In the International Rules (not Inland), this applies to boats that can't leave a channel or course because they would run aground if they did.
• Vessels Engaged In Fishing: This applies to commercial boats with trawls, nets, or lines that restrict maneuverability. It does not apply to someone trolling.
• Sailing Vessel: This applies to sailboats under sail, with the engine off. When the engine is on, even if the sails are up, the boat is considered a power-driven vessel.
• Power-Driven Vessel: Any boat propelled by machinery.
• There's one exception to this hierarchy: overtaking. The overtaking vessel is the give-way vessel no matter what; the hierarchy of privilege doesn't apply.
• Finally, we'll leave you with one more thought. When is a vessel underway? It's underway when it isn't moored, anchored, made fast to the shore, or aground.

What about canoes and kayaks? The Navigation Rules treat them as vessels, but they aren't explicitly included in the hierarchy of stand-on and give-way vessels, nor are they named in the Rules that recommend actions to avoid collision. The U.S. Coast Guard website replies to the question this way: "Ultimately, the issue of who gives way would fall to what would be ‘required by the ordinary practice of seamen or by the special circumstances of the case' (Rule 2 — Responsibility)." Common sense says that canoes and kayaks should paddle outside marked navigation channels, cross any channels quickly and at right angles, and keep to the sides of navigable creeks or rivers when other boats are using the deeper channel.

Reading and understanding all 38 of the Navigation Rules should help you avoid any waterborne pileups and other problems. But on a recreational powerboat, with these three simple Rules firmly planted in your mind, you can focus better on what's really important: the indelible fun of being out on the water.

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Contributing Editor, BoatUS Magazine

BoatUS Contributing Editor Tim Murphy is the author of "Adventurous Use of the Sea" (Seapoint Books, Nov 2022). He sails Billy Pilgrim, a 1988 Passport 40, on the U.S. East Coast. He develops marine trades curriculum for the American Boat & Yacht Council.

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Giving way, overtaking and avoiding collisions on the water

Rules and advice to help you understand how and when to give way, overtake safely and avoid collisions on the waterway – for all vessels.

When vessels are approaching each other or overtaking, one has to give way to the other to avoid a collision. This includes vessels that are drifting or holding position without being anchored.

Which vessel gives way depends on the type of vessel and the situation.

The skippers of both vessels have a responsibility to take action to avoid a collision.

The vessel giving way must alter course or slow down to let the other vessel pass, and it must make its actions clear early. The vessel that has right of way must maintain course and speed, if it's safe to do so, and be prepared to take action to avoid a collision if necessary.

Powered vessels

Powered vessels – including personal watercraft (PWC) – must give way in the following situations.

When meeting head on, powered vessels must turn to starboard (right) and pass at a safe distance.

When crossing, powered boats must give way to the right.

A powered vessel must give way to a sailing vessel, unless it's being overtaken by the sailing vessel.

Sailing vessels

Sailing vessels – including sailboards and kiteboards – must give way in the following situations . ( A sailing vessel using its engine must follow the same give way rules as powered vessels.)

A sailing vessel on a port tack must give way to a sailing vessel on a starboard tack.

A port tack is when the wind is blowing from the port (left) side of the vessel. A starboard tack is when the wind is blowing from the starboard (right) side of the vessel.

When both sailing vessels are on the same tack, the sailing vessel to windward – closest to where the wind is blowing from – must give way.

Sailing vessels must keep well clear of ferries on Sydney Harbour that display an orange diamond – see Sydney Harbour .

Paddlecraft and rowing vessels

It’s recommended that powered vessels and sailing vessels keep a proper lookout and give way to paddlecraft and rowing vessels.

Paddlecraft and rowing vessels should be aware that they sit low on the water and can be difficult for other vessels to see. You should take extra care when paddling near powered vessels and sailing vessels, and crossing channels and busy waterways. Like all other vessels, you have a responsibility to take action to avoid collision.

All vessels

All vessels – powered, sailing, paddlecraft and rowing – must also give way to the following vessels.

Vessel being overtaken

When overtaking, all vessels must give way to the vessel that's being overtaken.

All vessels must keep well clear of big ships and other large vessels.

If you see a large vessel, keep a safe distance . Large vessels cannot always alter their course or stop quickly. Their stern swings out wide when turning and they lose steerage if they travel too slowly.

Keep well clear of big ships – they cannot always alter their course or stop quickly.

Large vessels travel much faster than they appear to. It may also be difficult for the master to see you, even when hundreds of metres away.

You must not cross:

• a channel if you're going to get in the way of a large vessel
• in front of a large vessel, unless well clear
• too close behind a large vessel.

Dredges and work barges

All vessels must keep well clear of dredges and work barges, and take care when passing.

Dredges display shapes or lights to show that they have a limited ability to manoeuvre. The safe side to pass is shown by 2 diamonds. The other side is shown by 2 balls.

Work barges display a red flag and a yellow flag to signal to passing vessels to reduce their wash.

You must not create wash that may damage or unreasonably impact a dredge or work barge.

Vehicular ferries

In some areas, vehicular ferries pull themselves across channels using chains, ropes or cables. These ferries are significantly restricted in their ability to manoeuvre.

If a vehicular ferry is moving, all vessels must:

• slow down to 4 knots or less within 100m of the chains, ropes or cables
• pass at a safe distance behind the ferry, preferably when it has reached the shore, to avoid getting tangled
• turn their power off when crossing the chains, ropes or cables.

For give way rules for passenger ferries, see Sydney Harbour .

Commercial fishing vessels

All vessels must keep well clear of commercial fishing vessels. They use fishing equipment that restricts their ability to manoeuvre. These vessels display special shapes and lights – see Identifying vessels at night .

All vessels must keep well clear of a vessel they're overtaking.

You can overtake on either side of a vessel, but only when it's safe. You must overtake at a safe distance and at a safe speed . You must not cut in front of the vessel you're overtaking.

The vessel being overtaken must maintain course and speed, if it's safe to do so.

Avoiding collisions

As the skipper, you must take appropriate action to avoid a collision with another vessel.

You must take action – even when the skipper of the other vessel does not. If a collision takes place, both skippers can be held responsible.

If you're in any doubt about a situation, take action early. This could be:

• altering your course
• changing your speed – including stopping or reversing
• passing the other vessel
• letting the other vessel pass
• making a sound signal .

Make your actions big enough to be easily and clearly seen. Avoid making lots of small alterations to your course or speed.

Channels and rivers

It's recommended that all vessels keep to the starboard side in channels and rivers. This helps to make your actions clearer to vessels coming the other way and avoid the risk of collision.

If the channel or river is narrow, you  must  keep as far to starboard (right) side as is practical.

A channel is considered narrow when a vessel needs a large part of the channel to navigate. For example, when a vessel is restricted in its ability to manoeuvre or needs the deepest part of the channel to pass.

Always travel at a safe speed to avoid sudden dangers. Take extra care at bends, and never block a channel or river.

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• Right of Way Rules for Boating

If you’re a new boat owner or you need a refresher on the right of way rules for boating — this article is for you.

While we all love to have fun on the water,  safety is always the priority . You may be intimidated thinking about driving your new boat down a crowded waterway with all different types of vessels crossing your path. How does everyone know where to go and how to stay out of each other’s way? Fortunately, there are regulations to minimize collisions and to maintain order and safety. However, it is also important to note that despite the rules, it is always your responsibility to avoid a collision, no matter the scenario.

Every good captain must know the right way to approach interactions with other boats — just like how it’s essential to know traffic rules when driving a car. When you understand the fundamental boating right of way rules for rivers, oceans and harbors, you’ll be able to cruise through the most crowded waterways with ease. Let’s dive in.

The Importance of Knowing Boating Right of Way Rules

The United States Coast Guard reported almost 4,300  recreational boat accidents in 2017 . Surprisingly, most recreational boaters aren’t familiar with the boat right of way rules, which causes confusion and makes their boating experience less safe and more stressful. If you master even the basic principles of boat-passing rules, you’ll know how to behave in any situation and keep your cool.

As the captain of your vessel, it’s your responsibility to maintain the safety of your boat and everyone onboard. The more knowledgeable you are about how to do that — such as by knowing and understanding boating right-of-way-rules and collision regulations — the less you have to worry about something going wrong.

First things first — a few general tips and boating rules for maintaining navigational safety:

Don’t Go Too Fast

If you can increase the overall safety of your vessel or a vessel nearby by slowing down, you should. Sometimes the conditions are right to go fast, and sometimes they aren’t. It’s the job of a good skipper to know the difference. Take into account how many other boats are around you and if you have the proper space to slow down quickly.

Be Cautious of Other Boaters

Just like when you’re driving a car, just because the rules of the road exist, it doesn’t mean everyone follows them. Recreational boaters are notorious for not following the rules. If their actions seem unsafe, keep enough distance between you and them so that any unexpected maneuver won’t catch you off guard.

Always Be Respectful and Conscientious

While sometimes you may be operating under legal conditions, it’s still nice to give other boaters the respect and the space they deserve. Just because you have the right of way doesn’t mean you have to take it every time.

Avoid All Government Vessels and Restricted Areas

These vessels and areas almost always have the right of way, and it’s best to give them plenty of space.

Give Way If It Makes Sense

Even if you have the right of way in a situation that could be dangerous, it’s your responsibility to alter your course if it means avoiding an accident. If you did not change your course and an accident occurred, it’s possible you could still be at least partially at fault even if you did have the right of way. Safety always takes precedence.

Rules for Different Boating Scenarios

How two boats approach each other determines which has the right of way. Position, direction and the different levels of priority for different vessels make up the majority of the rules on the water. We’ll get into the different types of vessel priority a little later.

When a vessel has the right of way, they’re called the  “stand-on” or “burdened” vessel . If you’re the stand-on vessel, you have to confirm the actions of the give-way vessel by maintaining your course and speed until you pass them or need to alter your course.

The “stand-off” or “give-way” vessel is the one that doesn’t have the right of way.

What does it mean to give another vessel right of way? You must ensure they can hold their current course and speed, which may mean substantially altering your course in a way that’s clear to the stand-on vessel.

For this article, we’re assuming you operate a power-driven vessel — the rules are a little more complicated if you’re sailing.

Here are some common scenarios you’re likely to encounter on the water:

1. Approaching a Non-Power Vessel

When you’re approaching a vessel without motor power, such as a sailboat, they have the right of way.

An important note — a sailboat must be “under sail” to qualify for the right of way over power-driven vessels. If they’re using their small outboard motor instead, they have the same right of way as a normal powerboat .

In recent years we have seen a proliferation of human-powered craft in the form of kayaks and paddle boards. The  Navigation Rules  refer to human-powered craft as “vessels under oars” and they are singled out only in the lighting rules. Otherwise they are simply “vessels.” We may encounter these vessels in three different navigational situations. We may encounter them in overtaking situations. The vessel being overtaken is the most privileged vessel on the high seas. Give that human-powered craft a wide birth when overtaking, being mindful of your wake as you do. The two other navigational situations in which we may encounter paddlers are head-on and crossing situations.

Interestingly, the rules don’t make specific provisions for power-driven vessels encountering vessels under oars in head-on and crossing scenarios. Rule 2 is the “responsibility” rule, and it, in essence, tells us to use good judgment based on the whole of the navigational picture. In head-on situations, the standard port to port passing should serve us well. In crossing situations, there’s no reason why we can’t apply the rules of power-driven vessels as well. The vessel that has the other to her starboard shall give way. In short, Rule 8 tells us we must take all reasonable action to avoid a collision. Vessels under oars move relatively slowly and are easy to avoid. When encountering them take early and positive action to pass at a safe distance. In any case of uncertainty, the rules tell us we should slacken our speed.

2. Approaching Power-Driven Vessels

When two boats have the same priority of right of way based on their classification, the determining factors become position and direction of travel.

To determine the position of another vessel relative to your own, you must know the different “sectors” of your vessel, i.e., starboard, port and stern. Once you identify where another boat is relative to your own, you’ll know who has the right of way.

Using the following simple rules, you’ll have a good grasp on how to behave around other powerboats :

1. If another vessel is approaching you from the port — or left — side of your boat, you have the right of way and should maintain your speed and direction.

2. If a vessel is aiming to cross your path and they’re on your starboard — or right — side, they have the right of way. Alter your course so that you will pass them at a safe distance and in a way that is apparent to the other skipper.

3. Any vessel that is approaching your boat for the stern doesn’t have the right of way. Maintain your speed and course. Whenever a boat is overtaking another, the vessel in front always has the right of way and should be allowed to continue their original course unhindered. This is the case even if the vessel behind has a higher level of right-of-way priority, such as a sailboat.

When the sun goes down, and boaters turn on their navigational lights, there’s an easy way to remember to who has the right of way:

• – When you see a red navigational light on another boat, it’s indicating their port side, and they have the right of way — red means stop.
• – When you see a green navigational light, you’re approaching a vessel from their starboard side, and you have the right of way — green means go.
• – How do you know if you’re overtaking another vessel at night? Look for their white stern light and steer clear. The stern light shines at  22.5 degrees on either side of the boat  behind the widest point — the beam.

Knowing the basics listed above will have you in great shape in most boating situations. Below are some of the best practices that will help take your navigational skills to the next level:

If You’re Passing through a Crowded Harbor

One of the best tips for this scenario is to always aim for the stern of a boat you want to go behind — this lets the operator of the other boat know that you intend to go behind them and they can continue their course. Captains will sometimes use a VHF radio to communicate their intention to “take the stern” of another boat as a courtesy and to keep traffic flowing more smoothly.

If You Meet Another Boat Head-on

Under the boating rules of the road, vessels approaching each other head-on are always supposed to pass each other port to port — or left to left, just like on the road. However, crowded harbors and times when many boats come together at once make this difficult to follow all the time — stick to the rules as much as possible, but use your best judgment to keep everyone safe.

If You Want To Use a Horn To Communicate or You Hear Another Vessel’s Horn

Experienced skippers will sometimes use their horns to communicate. If you want to move past another boat in a narrow channel or if you’re overtaking another vessel and would like to pass, you may sound your horn for two short blasts. If you receive two short blasts back, the other skipper is signaling that the maneuver is okay. If they sound five short blasts in response, that means passing is unsafe, and you shouldn’t pass the vessel — in any situation, if you ever hear five short horn blasts, be on alert. This is the signal for imminent danger. Please keep in mind that international rules can differ.

If You’re on a “Collision Course” With Another Vessel

Remember, you must alter your course with ample time to safely avoid a collision, even if you are the stand-on vessel. The definition of a “collision course” is when the bearing from your boat to another isn’t changing, while the distance between your two boats is shrinking.

Once you’re familiar with the basic rules of the road, use them with your best judgment, and navigating through boat traffic will be a breeze.

Right of Way Between Different Types of Vessels

Now that you know the basic rules of the road, we’ll cover a few special situations you may encounter. Besides the basics of power versus non-power boat rules, there’s a pecking order when it comes to the right of way — different vessels and different conditions determine who is the stand-on vessel.

Here’s the  U.S. Coast Guard list , from the highest level of right of way to the lowest:

1. A Vessel Not Under Command or a Vessel Restricted in Its Ability to Maneuver

The Coast Guard gives these two types of vessels the same level of priority. A boat “not under command” means that an unexpected circumstance is keeping the boat from maneuvering, like an engine or steering failure.

A vessel that restricted in its ability to maneuver is unable to move out of the way of other boats due to the nature of its work, like a buoy tender fixing a navigational aid or vessel transferring passengers while underway.

2. A Vessel Being Overtaken

Any boat approaching a vessel from astern must give them the right of way.

3. A Boat Engaged in Fishing

When a boat has commercial fishing equipment deployed, that restricts their ability to maneuver. Therefore, they have the right of way.

4. A Vessel Under Sail or Not Under Power

A vessel under sail as well as other watercraft that are not powered, — such as canoes, kayaks, paddleboards, etc. — have the right of way over powered-vessels.

5. A Power-driven Vessel

As a power-driven vessel, you must give way to all the other categories above. If you are converging on another powered boat, either head-on or astern, the right-of-way rules mentioned earlier apply.

A few more unique situations that the Coast Guard doesn’t include on their simplified list are:

• – Whenever you hear a siren or see blue flashing lights on an emergency or law-enforcement vessel, give them the right of way just like you would an ambulance or a police vehicle.
• – Keep an eye out for tugboats and other vessels towing — if in the open ocean, they can have a submerged tow-line with a lot of distance between them and their tow.
• – Always take the stern of large commercial tankers and container ships in the ocean, and never try to cross in front of them. While it may look like they’re not moving, they can be  running at over 20 knots .
• – Steer clear of docked or moving ferries — some have submerged cable lines. Watch other boats and how they navigate around the ferry before crossing yourself.
• –  Any boat under 65 feet  is obligated to steer clear of larger, less maneuverable vessels.

It’s important to maintain a proper lookout at all times when operating your vessel. If your boat is small enough, you may be able to keep track of everything by yourself. If you have a larger boat, you’ll probably want some help from a friend onboard — especially when leaving the dock or landing. Having an extra set of eyes is helpful to any captain, no matter how seasoned.

If you apply these tips and remain alert and responsible when operating your boat, there’s no reason you should get into a collision. If someone who isn’t following the rules happens to bump into you, following the rules only helps your case.

You can find a copy of the USCG Navigation Rules in most boating supply stores, and you can also  download it online . It’s a good idea for any boater to carry a copy onboard, and it’s mandatory for  any vessel over 39 feet in length. Be sure to look up your state’s navigational rules before you set out, as they may vary depending on location.

Formula Boats for Safety and Performance

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A powerboat is about to cross paths with a sailboat

If a power-driven boat is about to cross paths with a sailing boat under sail? Then –

• The powerboat is the give-way vessel
• And, the sailboat under sail is the stand-on vessel

Why? Because these are the rules of the water. A powerboat is a vessel under a degree of propulsion. Whereas a sailing boat under sail is a vessel without a degree of propulsion. A powerboat cannot sail and a sailboat under a degree of propulsion is a powerboat. So, a power-driven vessel must give way to a sailing vessel under sail (except overtaking situation).

The powerboat is the give-way and the sailboat is the stand-on vessel. In this situations:

• In a powerboat, a skipper must keep a good lookout on a sailing boat in his/her vicinity and take proper actions to avoid a collision.
• And a skipper of a sailing boat must keep a good look-out on a powerboat in his/her vicinity.

When powerboat and sailboat in a head-on situation

When meeting head-on situation: The powerboat is the give way and the sailboat is the stand-on vessel.

When powerboat and sailboat in a crossing situation

When meeting crossing situation: The powerboat is the give-way vessel and the sailboat is the stand-on vessel.

When powerboat and sailboat in an overtaking situation

When a powerboat is overtaking a sailboat: a power-driven vessel shall keep out of the way of a sailing vessel, and a sailing vessel that is being overtaken shall keep her course and speed.

Again, when a sailboat is overtaking a powerboat: a sailing vessel shall keep out of the way of a power-driven vessel, and a power-driven vessel that is being overtaken shall keep her course and speed.

This is because the vessel that is overtaking another vessel is the give-way vessel and the vessel being overtaken is a stand-on vessel. This rule applies regardless of whether either boater has a powerful engine or sails for propulsion. If one boat isn’t adhering to this rule, then they may get into an accident with their fellow boaters.

What action should be taken when a sailboat under sail is about to cross paths with a PWC?

PWC means a Personal Water Craft. This is a power-driven vessel. So as per the “Rules of the road” a PWC must give way a sailing vessel under sail. In these situations, the PWC is required to change course or speed to avoid a collision.

The power-driven vessel, as the give-way vessel, should change its speed and course to avoid a collision. If it doesn’t, the sailing vessel is entitled to maintain or alter its course and speed in order that it may take appropriate action for safety purposes. You can find more information about your rights and responsibilities on this website .

What are the basic rules for sailing?

• Try to maintain a proper lookout at all times
• Know the limitations of your own boat
• Maintain a proper and safe speed and direction
• Be a good helmsman
• Know the wind, wave, and current conditions
• Make a conscious effort to avoid a collision with other boats
• Use common sense at all times
• Know the “rules of the road” for your local area

The conclusion of the post is short and sweet. If you are on a power-driven vessel, you must always give way to a sailing vessel unless the sailing vessel is overtaking your vessel.

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This article is an excerpt from NauticEd’s online FREE Navigation Rules Course , an interactive online sailing course for ALL sailors to learn Navigation Rules and become a safer sailor. Or if you want to learn more, upgrade to the Skipper Course Bundle to become a competent sailor!

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Vessels in Restricted Visibility

(a) This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility.

(b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate maneuver.

(c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility when complying with the Rules [of Section I of this Part | 4 through 10].

(d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall determine if a close-quarters situation is developing [and/or | or] or risk of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action in ample time, provided that when such action consists of an alteration in course, so far as possible the following shall be AVOIDED :

(i) An alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken; (ii) An alteration of course toward a vessel abeam or abaft the beam.

(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does not exist, every vessel which hears apparently forward of her beam the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a close-quarters situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to be the minimum at which she can be kept on her course. She shall if necessary take all her way off and in any event navigate with extreme caution until danger of collision is over.

What is the safe speed at night, in fog? As safe as it needs to be under good seamanship.

(d) (i) Remember the rule – two vessels approaching one another shall turn to starboard and pass port to port? This is why the rules say to avoid turning to port.

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