boat yacht construction

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Yacht Construction

World class luxury boat builders, built in the u.s.a. since 1964, advanced composite technologies and materials are used to achieve a consistently high, world-class standard of large yacht construction and finish..

Westport Yachts applies the most advanced composite technologies and materials – like infusion, resin impregnation and advanced coring materials – to create vessels that are both light in weight and superior in strength, comparing favorably to steel and aluminum but without vulnerability to corrosion.

Composite yachts require less maintenance, so their owners spend more time cruising, and less time in dry dock.

A Fine Composite Yacht Requires Exceptional Molds, and Westport Has No Equal.

Yacht Construction Facilities

• Westport – 170,000 square feet enclosed
• Port Angeles – 100,000 square feet enclosed
• Cabinet Shop – 80,000 square feet enclosed
• Upholstery Shop – 4,100 square feet enclosed

Total Vessels Built

• Recreational Yachts – 100 +
• Commercial Fishing – 170 +
• Commercial Passenger – 35 +
• Other Commercial – 7

Predictable Yacht Construction Results – No Surprises

Westport’s exhaustive design, tooling and build engineering processes result in a range of yachts that meet known standards for speed, draft, seakeeping abilities and range.

Those performance standards include exceptional cruise speeds, allowing fast crossings and more frequent daylight arrivals at destination ports. At the same time, Westport yachts can be throttled back to deliver cruising range comparable to slower vessels.

Delivery schedules are equally predictable. Each Westport yacht undergoes extensive testing, system checks and pre-run in the finish bay, and so are ready to run, typically within mere hours of launch. While owners of other yachts often must endure weeks or months of completion and fitting-out, Westport owners are out cruising.

No wonder Westport has earned the confidence of owners and captains, who know they can count on their yachts to perform as promised … no excuses, no surprises.

Exacting standards of execution, efficient & exacting state-of-the-art new boat building.

Computer-driven milling processes ensure a flawless finish on every part, and they allow engineers to integrate more features into each mold to reduce the number of mechanically-fastened sub-assemblies for superior structural integrity. Proven coring materials and other state-of-the-art coring materials impart exceptional thermal and acoustic insulation properties, so Westport yachts are quieter, more comfortable and free of condensation problems. Alexseal® paint systems create a brilliant finish on every Westport yacht for lasting beauty.

Components throughout are strictly first-class, products of the most respected suppliers in the business, and include MTU / Caterpillar main engines, Northern Lights generators, Furuno and Transas navigation electronics, Naiad stabilizers and countless more, to ensure reliable operation.

Westport Yachts – Exceptional Yacht Building & Superyacht Craftsmanship

Why build a yacht with Burgess?

Build a yacht

Discover the Burgess difference

Commissioning a bespoke superyacht is an exhilarating yet complex journey. With multiple decisions to make along the way, we guide you from your initial vision to maiden voyage and beyond.

We share your vision to achieve the remarkable

We reduce the risk and increase your enjoyment. Whether seeking a fully customised vessel or looking at the latest semi-custom platforms, our highly-skilled Technical Services team provides decades of experience and expertise, working together with you to realise your dream.

Dedicated in-house team working on your behalf

Every project offers a unique set of challenges, and for each we offer the complete range of technical, engineering and project management services in‐house, collectively serving as your personal project consultant. We have every angle covered, every step of the way.

Providing an unforgettable build experience

From vision to design brief to build, sea trials and delivery, we continue to be involved throughout the agreed construction period, offering peace of mind and a single point of contact. Your dream, our knowledge, one unique result.

• Delivered yachts

We successfully deliver more yachts in the 30-180m and over market than any other new construction team in the world.

• Length: 80.1m (262.8ft)
• Built: 2023
• Bilgin, Turkey

• Length: 87m (285.4ft)
• Built: 2020
• Lurssen, Germany

• Length: 60.6m (198.8ft)
• Built: 2022
• Heesen, The Netherlands

• Length: 107.6m (353ft)
• Benetti, Italy

• Length: 57m (187ft)
• Built: 2019
• Damen, The Netherlands

• Length: 56m (183.7ft)

• Length: 55m (180.4ft)
• Amels, The Netherlands

• Length: 93m (305.1ft)
• Feadship, The Netherlands

BRAVO EUGENIA

• Length: 109m (357.6ft)
• Built: 2018
• Oceanco, The Netherlands

• Length: 74.5m (244.4ft)
• Abeking & Rasmussen, Germany

You've viewed 10 of 47

Abeking & Rasmussen

Founded in 1907, Abeking & Rasmussen is globally renowned for producing high-quality custom motor yachts from 45-125m.

AKYACHT is an ISO 9001, Lloyd's-certified shipyard in Turkey. Its first breakthrough project was the spectacular 85m VICTORIOUS, the biggest superyacht ever built in Turkey.

Alia Yachts

Alia Yachts was founded in 2008 in Antalaya, Turkey. Its Lloyd's certified facilities are equipped for cutting edge yacht construction in carbon reinforced composite, steel and aluminium up to 80m.

Established in 1854, Cantiere Baglietto Spa specialises in the construction of new planing aluminium yachts between 35-50m in length, and steel and aluminium displacement superyachts over 40m.

With three facilities spread across Viareggio and Livorno in Italy, and rich brand heritage, Benetti is a leading light in the production of 35-70m superyachts.

Cantiere delle Marche

The Ancona-based Cantiere delle Marche (CdM), founded in 2010, builds 26-48m explorer yachts in steel and aluminum. CdM is the No.1 expedition yacht builder worldwide for the third year running.

With origins dating back to 1825, Codecasa is a family company specialising in the building of large yachts in steel and aluminium up to 72m in length and fast motoryachts up to 50m in length.

CRN Shipyards

Founded in Ancona in 1963, CRN yachts are often characterised by a distinctive pointed bow, which has become something of a signature for this Italian yard.

Custom Line

Founded in 1996, brand of Ferretti Group and based in Ancona, Italy, Custom Line designs and builds planing and displacement yachts in composite from 30-42m in length with over 250 yachts delivered.

Damen Yachting

Damen Yachting is the master yacht builder behind more than 100 Amels superyachts, SeaXplorer expedition yachts, yacht support vessels and major yacht refits.

Delta Marine

Located in Seattle, Washington, Delta Marine has a worldwide reputation for producing custom-built luxury yachts of up to 100m in length.

Based in the Netherlands and with roots dating back to 1849, Feadship is recognised as the world leader in the field of pure custom superyachts.

Fincantieri

Fincantieri Yachts, part of the leading Western shipbuilder Fincantieri, is a world leader in both superyacht and cruise ship design and construction.

Heesen Yachts

Renowned for its innovation, Heesen is the world leader in aluminium construction, and dominates the 50-60m semi-custom market.

Located in Ancona, ISA Yachts builds luxury superyachts from 44-80m in steel, aluminium and fibreglass.

Lürssen

Based in Germany, Lürssen is the leading shipyard for large luxury yacht building as well as refit of yachts from 50-200m.

Mariotti Yachts

Mariotti is a world leader in the fields of ultra-luxury cruise shipbuilding, superyachts and supply vessel construction.

Located in Northern Germany, Nobiskrug has built over 750 seagoing vessels, delivering a select portfolio of custom superyachts including the 143m Sailing Yacht A.

Oceanco builds award-winning large custom yachts, such as the 106.7m Black Pearl, the world's largest and most sustainable sailing yacht, and the 110m Jubilee, the largest Dutch-built yacht.

Pendennis is a world-class custom build and refit yard in Falmouth, UK, specialising in luxury sail and motor yachts between 30-100m.

Perini Navi

Renowned for pioneering automation and furling systems in large sailing yachts, Perini Navi today builds both sailing and motor yachts, most famous of which is MALTESE FALCON.

Established in 1980, Rossinavi builds custom superyachts between 40-70m in four locations between Viareggio and Pisa.

Royal Hakvoort

A family shipyard since 1919, Royal Hakvoort builds luxury yachts in steel and aluminium up to 65m in length.

Royal Huisman

A family-owned shipyard established in 1884, Royal Huisman specialises in the build and repair of custom luxury sailing yachts, as well as motor yachts.

Founded in 1958, Sanlorenzo builds a limited number of high quality, made to measure superyachts at its shipyard in La Spezia, Italy. Today, Sanlorenzo ranks highly among builders of Superyachts over 40m.

Tankoa Yachts

Tankoa specialises in semi-custom and custom yachts of 50-90m with Northern European quality and Italian DNA for design and flexibility.

The Italian Sea Group

TISG operates in the new-built industry with the brands Admiral (yachts over 50m) and Tecnomar (yachts up to 45m) while it works in the refitting industry with the brand NCA Refit (yachts over 60m).

Turquoise Yachts

Turquoise Yachts (formerly known as Proteksan Turquoise) is a builder of custom power and sailing superyachts, and Dr. Al Barwani, owner of Oceanco, recently became the majority shareholder.

Based in Zwartsluis, The Netherlands, Vitters has established a reputation for delivering sailing yachts of uncompromising quality and innovative design.

• Yacht designers

Bannenberg & Rowell Design

A luxury yacht and jet design company based in London’s Fulham. Headed up by Dickie Bannenberg, son of the great Jon Bannenberg, the studio is renowned for creative, contemporary and approachable design – both interior and exterior.

Espen Oeino

Under the leadership of the eponymous Norwegian naval architect, Espen Oeino International has been designing iconic superyacht interiors and exteriors since the 1990s. Based in Monaco the studio has worked with Burgess on several projects, most notably the 72m Trinity Yachts-built ALBATROSS and the 156m Lurssen DILBAR, the largest yacht afloat by volume.

H2 Yacht Design

Jonny Horsfield established H2 Yacht design in London in 1994. Today it is a multi-disciplined exterior and interior styling team that has earned a reputation for challenging conventions in yacht design. The studio has so far collaborated on five projects with Burgess, most recently with Heesen.

Harrison Eidsgaard

International yacht designers and architects, Harrison Eidsgaard Design is headed up by its three partners, Peder and Ewa Eidsgaard and Ben Harrison. Undertaking both exterior and interior styling, the studio’s most notable yachts to date include the award-winning TANGO and ELANDESS, the latter being the studio’s first project with Burgess.

Jonathan Quinn Barnett leads a talented team of award-winning yacht designers. Established in 1995, the studio has created original exterior yacht designs and interior architecture for discerning clients in the luxury marketplace. With a critical eye on proportion and detail, designs of distinction associated with Burgess include the interior of OCTOPUS and popular charter yacht MUCHOS MAS.

Michael Leach Design

Established in 1997 by Mick Leach with Mark Smith joining in 1999, MLD is an multi award-winning design practice specialising in marine, aviation and residential projects. With over 60 years’ industry experience collectively, having worked in various top design offices, MLD is now established as one of the industry’s leading and most successful design offices.

Reymond Langton Design

Headed up by design duo Pascale Reymond and Andrew Langton, the London-based studio was founded in 2001. The studio has since delivered 28 motor and sailing yachts, including the 134m SERENE, the largest yacht built in Italy at that time. Originally based in London, the studio’s HQ has since moved to the historic city of Bath.

Situated in the stunning surrounds of Beaulieu in the New Forest, RWD is best known for the design of superyachts such as motor yacht HASNA and sailing yacht TWIZZLE. Founded in 1993, RWD has to date completed six collaborative projects with Burgess.

Sorgiovanni Designs

Established by yacht designer Sam Sorgiovanni in 1997, the eponymous design studio is based in Perth, Australia, and undertakes both exterior and interior designs. The studio’s unique location lends a point of difference to its body of work and it has become well-known for designing superyachts with an exotic feel, as well as great attention to detail.

Terence Disdale Design

Terence Disdale Design is an award-winning design studio located in London, and responsible for the interior and exterior design of the some of the world's most significant yachts. Renowned for a ‘beach house’ style, the studio’s most notable yachts include ECLIPSE and PELORUS, and it has no fewer than 10 collaborative projects with Burgess to date.

Tim Heywood Design

A multi-award-winning exterior yacht designer, Tim Heywood Design has produced some of the largest yachts on water, including the 133m AL MIRQAB. Located in Hampshire, the eponymous yacht designer cut his teeth under the guidance of Jon Bannenberg and in the 40 years since has completed six collaborative projects with Burgess.

Winch Design

A full-service award-winning British design and architecture studio specialising in the exterior and interior styling of motor and sailing yachts, aircraft, residential and commercial properties, Winch Design was established in 1986 and has to date completed seven collaborative projects with Burgess.

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Your Vision. Your Burger.

Creating a custom-built yacht is a journey unlike any other. Conceiving your yacht alongside Burger’s engineers and design team is a remarkable experience: developing the specifics, reviewing the plans and making decisions as you watch your dreams materialize before your eyes. Burger welcomes all clients to enjoy the progression of their journey while your custom creation evolves.

The first step in delivering the yacht of your dreams is to share your vision with the Burger design team and engineering staff. Our in-depth design brief helps define your priorities for a yacht. We recommend touring the Burger shipyard where you can meet our exceptional team, learn how your yacht will be constructed and to witness the true value of Burger’s experience and craftsmanship.

After defining your vision, your dreams will begin to take shape in dramatic conceptual designs, renderings and cost estimates, presented for your direction and approval before moving forward.

Conceptual designs and renderings include:

• Hull designs
• Exterior styling and interior floor plans
• Interior elevation renderings
• Engines, propulsion and electric generation equipment selection
• Special requirements, including recreational and/or shore tenders and storage options
• Navigation electronics and entertainment system descriptions

Once you’ve approved the design, Burger will prepare a detailed design and specification breakdown with descriptions of every step in your yacht’s construction; from its development milestones to key points of approval. With a finalized and signed contract, your yacht is on the way to fruition. Each step of the build is documented before work begins, with a detailed timeline that describes each step of the process, so that you remain involved and aware of our progress, every step of the way.

Months of careful planning and construction culminate when it’s time to launch your new Burger yacht. Along with the Burger team, you and/or your captain take your new Burger yacht through various sea trials, including at-sea observations and detailed walk-through inspections. At this stage, final modifications and refinements are made.

Congratulations; owning a Burger built for you also means you’ve joined the most exclusive fleet of yachts in the world. Our craftsmen share your pride in seeing your new yacht launched, and value each customer relationship that endures long after delivery. Bringing your dreams to reality is what makes every Burger yacht unique and extraordinary.

With your Burger set out into open waters, a new journey begins.

Custom Yachts

View Burger's full fleet of custom yachts, uniquely crafted to each owner's vision of limitless luxury.

Design Concepts

Explore Burger's newest design concepts and yachts under construction — and bring your ideas to their design.

Our knowledge & expertise. It’s a smart investment

Yacht Construction & Build

With an experienced luxury yacht construction team comprised of former superyacht captains, engineers, and project management specialists, Moran Yacht & Ship has successfully negotiated, managed, and completed over $3 billion in new yacht-build projects. This incredible statistic is unmatched by any other brokerage company in the world.

• Luxury Yacht Construction
• Yachts Under Construction
• Completed Custom Yachts

Luxury Yacht Builders

• Contact Build Team

Why build with Moran Yacht & Ship?

Over the past 36 years, Moran’s yacht construction management team has been actively involved in successfully building over 60 of the finest quality new superyacht construction projects globally. Contact our new build project management team today to learn how we can help you build your next custom luxury yacht in partnership with the leading megayacht builders in the industry.

Discover how our yacht build process is different

Before the keel is even laid, our yacht project management team compiles an all-encompassing marine specification. We then negotiate a comprehensive yacht-building contract that protects our clients from delays and additional costs. We assemble an experienced yacht build team that includes only the best naval architects, interior and exterior designers, and project managers to bring your dream yacht to life.

Unlike many of our competitors, who disappear as soon as the yacht build contract is signed, our accomplished team will remain in place through final delivery to ensure a smooth yacht construction process and complete satisfaction. As a further courtesy to our clients, we remain with the vessel in a yacht management capacity to take care of any warranty items and ensure hassle-free day-to-day operations.

Completed Custom Yacht Construction Projects

BLACK PEARL

QUATTROELLE

TOP FIVE II

View 47+ more Completed Projects

Our results speak for themselves.

Whether you are looking to build a semi-custom motor yacht or build a custom superyacht, you can be certain that the new yacht construction team at Moran Yacht & Ship has the experience, knowledge, and capability to deliver the boat build of your dreams. Our experience ensures that you will take delivery of your vessel on time, within budget, and to the highest quality standards.

Yachts Currently Under Construction

View 5+ more Projects under construction

Choosing the right yacht builder and shipyard is imperative for a successful new yacht construction project. Learn more about some of the builders our yacht project management team works with and recommends.

Yacht Construction FAQs

What support will moran yacht & ship offer me during my yacht construction.

The experts and brokers at Moran Yacht & Ship have been in the industry for a long time and oversee many superyacht construction projects. Their expertise will support you at every stage of the new build process, ensuring your exact requirements are met. This includes:

• Informed selection of builder and shipyard
• Choice of interior and exterior designer
• Development and negotiation of the technical specification
• Negotiation of the build contract and price
• Project management throughout the build process

What does it cost to build a yacht?

The cost of building a yacht from scratch is based on multiple factors, including the size of the vessel, materials used, the complexity of the design, technology, propulsion systems, interior design features, onboard amenities, and the shipyard and designers used. Expect building a luxury boat to cost anywhere from $2 million to more than $300 million. Working with an experienced new build project management team, such as the experts at Moran Yacht & Ship, offers a cost-effective solution by ensuring builds remain within budget.

What are the benefits of building a yacht as opposed to buying a used yacht?

There are multiple benefits to building a yacht as opposed to buying a pre-owned yacht. When you build your own yacht, you enjoy the benefits of a fully customized vessel to meet your precise requirements, from its naval architecture and size to its cruising capabilities, layout, onboard technology, amenities, and interior design. A custom yacht will be tailored to suit your lifestyle and desired experiences.

Also, when you build your yacht, you won’t have to worry about pre-existing conditions. A new build yacht will come fully warranted, providing protection from future mechanical repairs and providing complete peace of mind.

Finally, Moran Yacht & Ship ensures that building a yacht is indulgently fun. You will have the opportunity to collaborate with a team of highly experienced boat-building professionals to create something truly extraordinary, from sketch board to on the water. Nothing matches the thrill of building your own yacht with even the smallest details tailored to your precise requirements. Indeed, a custom yacht offers the ultimate lifestyle purchase.

What are the pedigree shipyards that Moran has built with?

• Lurssen Since 1875, the northern German shipyard has produced some of the finest vessels on the superyacht market. This pedigree shipyard is known for innovating and utilizing cutting-edge technology. Lurssen continually breaks records, including developing both the longest superyacht in the world (AZZAM) and the biggest luxury superyacht in the world (DILBAR).
• Amels This Dutch shipyard officially entered the yachting sphere with the superyacht KATALINA, now named LADY GEORGINA, in 1982. The luxury boat builder specializes in motor boats, constructing both full custom as well as their highly sought-after semi-custom Limited Editions yacht series.
• Oceanco Oceanco is a pedigree boat builder and industry pioneer based in the Netherlands. The shipbuilder is renowned for building award-winning custom vessels up to 200 meters, both motor yachts and sailing vessels. The Dutch shipyard specializes in building innovative, high-quality superyachts that push the boundaries of shipbuilding.
• Feadship Also among the world’s most notable superyacht manufacturers is Feadship, a full custom motor yacht builder known for its uncompromising pursuit of perfection. The pedigree shipbuilder is located in Holland and boasts a long history stretching back to 1949.

Moran Yacht & Ship boasts strong relationships with the world’s leading shipyards and has project managed some of the world’s most luxurious custom superyachts. Contact us today if you want to build a luxury boat.

What countries are known to have the best shipyards?

European countries, including the Netherlands, Italy, France, and Germany, dominate when it comes to the best shipyards, thanks to their rich maritime heritage, skilled craftsmanship, and use of exceptionally high-quality materials.

What are the current waiting times to build a yacht with the best shipyards?

Overall, the more prestigious the shipyard, the longer the waiting time will be. Current waiting times for some of the most prestigious builders are around 4 to 5 years.

How long does it take to build a yacht?

The build time for a yacht can vary significantly depending on the project’s size, specifications, and complexity. Generally, superyacht construction times at pedigree shipyards range from 36 to 39 months.

Our new construction team is known for delivering our client’s projects on time and within budget.

What are mega yacht hulls made from?

Megayacht hulls are typically made from fiberglass, aluminum, or steel, and the choice of material will depend on the budget, yacht design, and how the owner wishes the vessel to perform.

A fiberglass hull is known for its excellent sea-keeping capabilities and ease of maintenance.

Aluminum offers excellent strength and durability. As a relatively lightweight material, it also provides better fuel economy and enables a yacht to reach higher speeds.

Steel is an exceptionally strong and durable material with high resistance to abrasion, making it popular with ocean-cruising yachts, especially expedition vessels. However, it is heavier than fiberglass or aluminum, making it less popular with owners wishing to build a yacht where speed is a priority.

What makes a boat considered a yacht?

Overall, there is no standardized definition of what makes a yacht. Mostly, the term yacht applies to vessels over 24 meters, where regulations for ownership change as well. The term yacht can equally define a motor boat or sailing vessel. Additionally, terms like superyacht,  megayacht, or gigayacht are often used to describe the most luxurious and largest ocean-going vessels.

Do I have to pay VAT on a new yacht?

As a moveable asset, whether you have to pay VAT – Value Added Tax – can be complex. Generally speaking, whether you have to pay VAT will depend on the country the owner is acquiring the yacht from and their country of residence. The VAT may also depend on the intended use of the vessel. Every country has different VAT rules and regulations. It is always a good idea to consult with a local tax professional with expert knowledge of the yachting industry to mitigate any potential tax liabilities.

What are financing options for yacht construction?

Building a new luxury boat can be an expensive endeavor and is a significant investment. Various financing options are available to those interested in purchasing or building a yacht. Financing typically involves one of three different solutions:

• Portfolio loans
• Private lenders

Bank loans are a popular option for financing a yacht construction. Many banks offer boat loans, which are similar to auto loans in terms of loan structure and required collateral.

Portfolio loans have become more popular for financing new construction projects. A number of institutions offer these and often have very favorable rates.

Private lenders also offer funding for boat construction. These lenders typically offer more lenient terms compared to banks. However, interest rates can be higher, and a larger down payment is often required.

How much does it cost to run a yacht per year?

The cost of running a yacht depends on many factors, including:

• Maintenance needs : they will also grow with the age of the yacht
• Size : the larger the yacht, the more crew is required
• Time spent cruising : fuel expenses increase with the cruising range
• Insurance costs
• Location : dockage and mooring fees will vary

Overall, a rule of thumb is that luxury yachts cost around 10% of their purchase price per year. This percentage is typically reduced slightly as the size of the boat increases.

Contact our New Yacht Construction Team

Are you considering building a new yacht? Contact our team today to learn how we will set you up for success.

Yachting Monthly

• Digital edition

Boat building: what will yachts be made from in the future?

• Sam Fortescue
• December 17, 2021

Sam Fortescue shines a light on boat building jargon and looks into a future devoid of fibreglass

Building with pre-preg materials is efficient, but the hull must be 'cooked' at a precise temperature to cure it. Credit: Eva-Stina Kjellman

The end of GRP? Sam Fortescue looks at past, present and future boat building materials

Glance at a brochure for a new boat or walk the pontoons at the Southampton show and you may have come across some terms that didn’t mean much to you.

The art of boat building is as recognisable as ever, but the science of it is constantly developing. New materials and new techniques can make it hard to compare like with like.

Take wood, for instance: the material of boatbuilding choice for millennia.

There are still plenty of wooden boat-builders out there, labouring away in dingy sheds and halls to craft pilot cutters, rowing skiffs and other emblematic vessels of yesteryear.

But perhaps the best known of the wooden boatbuilders is Spirit Yachts in Ipswich, building thoroughly modern boats – in composite wood.

The Spirit 44E is a ‘zero carbon’ cruising yacht. Credit: Richard Langdon

‘Certainly we use epoxy resin to bond the components together, but the amount of resin used is minute compared to GRP or carbon,’ says founder and head designer Sean McMillan.

‘Both carbon-fibre and GRP rely totally on being saturated with a high density of polyester or epoxy resins to impart structural integrity. Wood, whilst also a linear fibre material, is cross-linked with a cellular structure entirely created by nature and has full structural integrity in its own right.’

In fact, the 1.6-tonne Spirit 30 daysailer employs just 73kg of resin and 12.2kg of hardener in its entire construction.

‘In 20 years’ time, when GRP has become socially unacceptable – not to mention any future end-of-life legislation – who knows, we may look back and see the last 60 years of GRP boats as a historical niche,’ finishes McMillan defiantly.

Another example is racy French builder RM Yachts, whose boats are famously swift, with offshore hulls designed by Marc Lombard.

And yet they are built in plywood and epoxy.

Thought every Spirit yacht us built of wood, it is a composite of glue and epoxy sheathing.

It is flexible, robust and far more sustainable than standard glass-reinforced plastic.

Sheets of laser cut Okoumé plywood up to 22mm thick are bent around a mould and epoxied to plywood structural members.

The whole lot is also epoxy sheathed for longevity.

It’s a technique which means that the brand-new RM 1380 is 9.8 tonnes light – slightly less than the comparable X4-6 from X-Yachts.

‘Plywood is the soul of an RM. It a very useful material, allying a good stiffness with lightness – perfect for building the hull and the structure,’ says head of engineering Edouard Delamare.

‘But plywood is nothing without epoxy, because it ensures the waterproofing – vital in a marine environment.’

Boat building using glass-reinforced plastic

Many series production yards, from Beneteau to Bavaria , still use the most basic form of wet lay-up – splurging resin on to mats of glassfibre with a roller to get them well wetted out before laying down the next layer of glass.

It is very hard to control how much resin is applied and there are often air pockets between layers.

For this reason, hulls built this way tend to be overbuilt and heavier.

RM Yachts is unique in building its offshore yachts in plywood and epoxy

Polyester is the cheapest and most commonly used resin, but it can bond with water, creating the problem of osmosis.

That’s why isopthalic gelcoats are applied to the outside of the hull, to act as an effective barrier to moisture.

Vinylester creates many more bonds than polyester and is reckoned to be up to three times stronger, but it costs more too.

And epoxy is the best performing resin of all, used only in high-quality lay-ups. All are pretty toxic, and sport the ‘dead-fish’ icon on the side of the tin.

When vacuum infusion emerged as an industrial technique in 1990, it allowed boatbuilders to use less resin and spread it more evenly around the finished panel for greater strength.

But it generates a lot of waste, because each infused part has to be prepared with a host of plastic layers.

Besides the plastic of the vacuum bag itself, there’s a breather layer to distribute the resin and a peel ply to stop it sticking to the infused part; a thick bead of sealant tape; disposable feeder tubes are required every few inches, and many of the vacuum tubes must also be binned.

The technology has not stood still, though, and there are now reusable vacuum bags made from inert silicon, for instance.

Some bags have the mesh structure necessary to spread the resin built in, while the aerospace sector has pioneered the use of PTFE membrane that stops resin clogging up the vacuum pump side of the system.

Sweden’s Arcona builds its fast cruisers using vacuum infusion, and has for many years.

Hand lay-up is a process that has changed little over the years of boat building

But in order to add strength and stiffness, it laminates in a steel support frame amidships to transfer the loads from the rig into the keel.

Improvements in lamination techniques mean that the boats are lighter than ever.

Late Arcona designer Stefan Qviberg said the current Arcona 40 displaced a whole tonne less than its equivalent a decade earlier.

Other boat builders use other types of reinforcing for the high-load areas of the hull.

Aramids like Twaron and Kevlar often feature, as do selective areas of carbon-fibre on stringers and around keel bolts and chainplates.

High-end yacht builder Baltic uses carbon reinforcing, for instance, to add strength without extra weight.

Vacuum infusion uses less resin but creates a lot of plastic waste

Performance catamaran brand Catana likewise uses Twaron and carbon in its lay-up to save hundreds of kilos; some 700kg in the old Catana 47.

Some claim that aramid reinforcing makes a hull safer, for example in the event of collision with a container, but others refute this.

Naturally enough, carbon is still the ultimate performance material because of its blend of strength, stiffness and light weight.

It is also prohibitively expensive relative to other fibres and very resource-intensive to produce, as it requires temperatures up to 3,000º C and a plastic feedstock.

The bulk and waste of the infusion process has led to another step forward in the form of so-called pre-preg materials, where the sheets of fibre used to strengthen the hull come ready-coated with a pre-catalysed form of the resin that reacts very slowly at room temperature.

Instead of needing to mix epoxy with hardener and reduce its viscosity with toxic styrene to draw into the mould, a precisely-controlled curing process activates and sets the resin.

The result is a stronger, lighter laminate than can be produced through wet lay-up.

Gurit’s SPRINT system goes a step further by sandwiching a thin film of heat-activated resin between two layers of fibre.

Windelo uses basalt fibre to strengthen its hulls during the boat building process. It is said to be much less carbon intensive than using glass

The advantage of this is that the fibres remain dry until curing so air can be more easily removed under vacuum to produce a laminate with a void content of less than 0.5%.

Baltic Yachts uses this technique, building an oven around its hulls to cure them.

‘With one or two exceptions, we haven’t infused a boat for some time,’ says CEO Henry Hawkins.

‘Using Sprint and pre-preg materials saves weight compared to vacuum infusion. With hand lay-up, generally more resin is mixed than needed and a lot gets discarded. This is the same with infusion where resin is lost or wasted in the plastic hoses and pipes and breather film and within the distribution channels.’

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Even at this sharp end of the composite business, rapid advances are being made – driven by aerospace and Formula One.

‘We can now take away the expensive autoclaves and ovens – they can cure at ambient or 40-60ºC,’ says Ashley Parkinson, a research engineer with the UK National Composites Centre.

‘It’s a more expensive process to use, but in the high-performance market, it’s worth it.’

Greener composites

Now, there is nothing particularly sustainable about producing glassfibre – a technique that involves heating raw silica to 1,370º C, then pultruding the molten strands onto a bobbin.

You can use some recycled glass to lower your emissions, but it is an energy intensive process and it is very hard to extract the raw materials from end-of-life fibreglass.

Swiss supplier Bcomp tested alternative natural fibres 10 years ago, when it was a start-up in a garage.

‘Flax turned out to be the best in terms of mechanical properties, soil usage, water requirements and overall performance,’ explains marine and industry manager Paolo Dassi.

It actually locks up carbon rather than producing it – as much as 500g of CO2 per kilogram of flax.

Precise cutting is key to reducing fibre wastage in boat building

‘The plant acts as a CO2 sink during its growth. This completely offsets the CO2 emissions of the manufacturing stages.’

Bcomp’s extraordinary growth began when it managed to process the flax stems to be of uniform size and flatness, replicating the grades possible using glassfibre.

Its AmpliTex product is available as a unidirectional, stitched biaxial or woven twill, ranging from 200-500gsm.

In lamination it is 50% stiffer than glass and just a little weaker, making it an ideal substitute.

Couple this with an extra flax mesh called PowerRibs, and you end up with a composite that closely resembles carbon, but with just 25% of the emissions.

AmpliTex has already been used in niche boat building projects, including the glorious Flax 27 daysailer by Green Boats of Bremen, which sports cork decking.

Foam sandwich hull construction (green) or balsa core (wood) is much stronger, for little extra weight. Credit: Graham Snook/Yachting Monthly

It was a key part of the lay-up of the new Café Racer 68 from Baltic. Although her hull is in carbon, 50% of the structural members were in flax composite.

France’s Windelo has taken a different tack in its catamarans.

It uses basalt fibre – made from melted volcanic rock – which ‘is slightly stronger than E-glass and just one-10th as carbon intensive to produce and use’.

Its first 50-footer has a hull that also features a recycled PET foam core for strength and stiffness. But it is not just the fibre that is being decarbonised.

So-called ‘green epoxies’ have been developed, where a significant chunk of the synthetic oil-derived molecules of the resin are replaced by bio-sourced molecules.

Gurit’s Ampro for hand laminating is 40% bio derived, for instance.

Green Yachts focuses on environmentally-friendly boat building techniques. Its Flax 27 is built of sustainable flax fibre

And the ProSet range from West Systems includes epoxies containing up to 30% bio molecules.

They can essentially just be dropped into any process that would have been suitable for the equivalent synthetic resin.

‘Any customer that is familiar with epoxy processing, vacuum consolidation or post curing will be very familiar with the process,’ says David Johnson of Wessex Resins, European manufacturer for West.

‘Even wet lay-up with no vacuum bagging.’

There is a modest cost increase, but it amounts to less than 25% compared to a standard epoxy, and a drop in the ocean of the boat’s overall build.

‘Bio-based epoxies are more expensive because there’s more sophisticated chemistry involved,’ says Johnson.

Pre-preg flax fibres being laid up around a balsa core

‘Compared to building a boat in vinylester or polyester, you can use slightly less material because of the superior qualities of epoxy. The end cost differences are negligible and there are benefits in lighter weight: you become more efficient, and the loads are less.’

Suppliers like Gurit are also finding ways to substitute the synthetic foam core used in sandwich hull construction.

Standard foam is made of virgin PVC, with all the associated environmental pitfalls.

Gurit has developed more renewable alternatives using up to 100% recycled PVC and balsa wood.

Builders from Arcona and X-Yachts to Bali and Gunboat catamarans use foam cores in their lay-up to build boats that are stiffer and lighter than they would be otherwise.

Away from composites

Some innovative new boat builders are going in another direction altogether, eschewing the by-now traditional GRP for something that can be genuinely reused repeatedly.

Start-up Vaan is building its 42ft R4 catamaran out of a grade of aluminium alloy commonly used in window frames and road signs, so up to 60% of the hull is already recycled.

‘There’s no way to distinguish it from virgin material,’ says Vaan founder Igor Kluin.

Vaan uses a high proportion of recycled aluminium to build its hulls, which can then be easily recycled

It hasn’t been easy to secure supplies, however. That’s partly because window frames last for 50 years or more and also competition with other sectors.

‘In the short term the costs are higher because there are so many people jumping on the bandwagon, but it has only 5% of the energy use of virgin alloy, so in the end it should be cheaper.’

Vaan’s novel approach to sourcing more sustainable materials extends to the interior finish as well.

It uses a pineapple leaf fabric instead of leather, plentiful European poplar for cabinetry, cork instead of teak decking and recycled PET.

Greener boat building: A hull made from recycled aluminium

Parts of the boat are 3D printed – something that higher end brands are doing more and more of.

‘Recycled industrial PET is being 3D printed for the back of the Vaan spoiler because it produces a lower volume than moulding,’ says Kluin.

‘We want to see if it can become load bearing. We’re also 3D printing with aluminium, too. It’s useful for smaller structural elements that are hard to reach and would traditionally have been milled.’

Recyclability of boat building materials

Besides wood, all forms of composite suffer from the same problem; at end of life, it is very difficult to separate the component materials for re-use.

This is why using materials such as steel or aluminium can make sense, despite the higher environmental cost of the virgin metal. They can be reused repeatedly.

The composite recycling systems developed to date, which include pyrolysis, burning and shredding, are all unsatisfactory because of the energy intensity of the processes or the fact they yield a lower quality material that has to be downcycled.

In principle, it is possible to use resins that melt again at high temperatures and can be collected, refined and reused.

Elium resin from Arkema is capable of exactly that, and is already being used in recyclable wind turbine blades.

Laminate are expensive to separate for re-use. Credit: Rob Wilkinson/Alamy Stock Photo

They even built a 6.50m Mini Transat boat from it.

The process also yields reusable glass, but carbon and flax don’t support the heat: carbon loses as much as two-thirds of its strength and flax simply combusts.

However, an Australian study has shown how carbon-fibre composite can first be heated without oxygen in a pyrolysis chamber to burn off resin, then oxidised to yield carbon-fibre with most of the strength of virgin fibre but only 10% of the environmental impact.

Cured laminates can also be separated using a chemical process proven in the lab at the National Composites Centre, with a big vat of acetic acid.

Portsmouth University is researching enzymes to decompose plastic, starting with plastic bags.

The approach could eventually handle boats as well.

‘You have to find the right enzyme that works for snipping the molecules of a particular polymer. Practically, it’s a decade away,’ says Ashley Parkinson of the NCC.

Build a Yacht

Do you plan to build a yacht of your own.

If yes, read this guide on new yacht construction.

We will go through stages of a superyacht new build and discuss important points that every yacht owner or owner representative needs to know when commissioning custom yacht construction.

New Yacht Construction in a nutshell

Why build a yacht? The answer to this question is slightly different for every superyacht owner. One aspect is true for all: only a fully customized superyacht which was made specifically for you will perfectly fit all of your requirements and tastes.

If you are not satisfied with serial production yachts and seek that unique superyacht to call truly yours – then building a yacht is for you.

Superyacht build is an exciting process which only a handful of people in the world are lucky to experience.

There is nothing like seeing your own superyacht coming to life, first on paper in form of superyacht designer drawings, and then for real at the superyacht shipyard.

New yacht construction is a lengthly and sophisticated process which can take several years to complete. Thus it is very important for every superyacht owner to understand ins and outs to prevent unnecessary mistakes.

We at Yachtowner.co prepared a guide through superyacht build process for you. Let’s dive right in!

Build a yacht. Where to start

Why build a yacht.

Always start your superyacht new build process with why. The better you understand yourself, the easier it will be for superyacht professionals to satisfy your needs.

Why do you want to commission new superyacht construction? What drives you? How are you going to use your boat? What are your requirements? Sit down and make a list of things you would like to see at your new superyacht. Let your dreams flow and capture them on paper.

Look at your requirements and rate them. Group all your requirements into groups: “absolute must have”, “desirable”, “nice to have”. This grading will help yacht designers and shipyard understand your priorities and focus on the right things. Add information about numbers of cabins, speed, cruising range of your yacht, maximum noise and vibrations levels, and anything else which comes to your mind.

Save photos and descriptions of other yachts you like, including finishings type and quality. They will later serve as benchmark for a superyacht designer.

Try to describe the use of your boat in 1 or 2 sentences. A “floating home for my family”, a “fast and furious party boat”, or “an expedition vessel to explore arctic regions”? Give your new luxury boat your personal twist!

Successful yacht build starts with clear communication

By the time you decide build your own yacht, you should already have tried out chartering different yachts or owned some of second hand yachts.

As with anything else, in yachting it is also better to gain maximum experience, yachting knowledge and understanding of your needs, before you start your first large project.

How can you know what you want, if you don’t know which options are available? If you are just starting out in yachting, read our article How to Buy a Yacht .

Yacht design is all about compromises. Aiming to build the fastest boat, for example, implies limiting its overall weight. It means less additional lifestyle appliances on board.

To maintain the speed, a stronger engine is required, which means more fuel storage and less inside space. There are many examples of compromises like this. 

Due to its high quality and sophisticated finishings, superyacht construction is much more labour intense than construction of any other type of vessel. Executing change requests gets expensive very soon.

Also, unlike in serial production of planes or cars and due to uniqueness of your boat, the shipyard does not have possibility to fully standardize the production process. Solutions can not be tested for various hundreds of times before the building begins. The shipyard just has one shot to get things right. 

The more specific and detailed your understanding of your own preferences, the clearer and faster your communication about them, the better job your superyacht designer, architect and shipyard will be able to execute.

Superyacht Build: Choose the Right Team

You are about to sign a superyacht construction contract which will tie you into working with a shipyard for the next couple of years. Make sure you choose the right people! Superyacht building team can make or break the project.

In general, you will be working with a number of different experts from the superyacht industry during the next couple of years. They will surely have deep knowledge in their specific spheres of expertise.

Surrounding yourself with experienced professionals with no conflict of interest and simultaneously educating yourself on yacht building process will make you feel confident and comfortable in such a specific setting.

Always ask questions, clarify things you might not understand. Maritime industry is full of jargon. It’s ok not to know specific terms. It is much better to ask rather than to not be able to follow a discussion.

Professionals build the yacht for you, but in the end, it is your yacht. You want to make sure that you get the boat of your dreams and have enough knowledge on how it functions.

As a future superyacht owner, you probably already have your favorite yacht designers, naval architects and superyacht brands. If not yet, then check out our Comprehensive list of 195 Superyacht Brands to discover some of the world’s best superyacht builders.

How to Build a Yacht: Design Phase

Now when you already have put your first thoughts on paper, it’s time to make first contact with a superyacht designer and/or a naval architect.

A superyacht designer is responsible for creating an attractive and practical design for your future yacht. A naval architect is typically a professional engineer in charge of construction, design and repair of yachts.

If optical appearance and interior design is your focus, yacht designer might be appropriate to hire. If instead you want to incorporate non-traditional and sophisticated technical elements into your yacht, a naval architect is the right person to contact.

Take the list of your preferences that we discussed in the beginning of this guide and visit several superyacht designers and architects. Browse through previous yacht projects in their portfolios. Make sure that he or she has enough experience in designing similar types of yachts.

Choose two or three best companies. Ask them for preliminary drawings and estimates of fees, and compare. Choose the one who suits you best. 

Then visit a superyacht insurance agent and a classification society surveyor . Yacht insurance decides whether the yacht is ready to launch. Classification society is an entity which monitors that the yacht is built according to highest standards and quality.

The surveyor checks if the shipyard builds your yacht to the best quality. It is in your interest to involve these two stakeholders already in the beginning of the process, to avoid unnecessary hassle from the start. Show them the first drawings and specifications of the new yacht that you got from the designer/architect, and ask how  they work and what else they need.

Clarify yacht financing . The majority of privately owned superyachts are financed by some kind of a bank loan. It is a savvy financial decision to finance your superyacht by a bank loan.

By negotiating good loan conditions, you can keep your own cash and invest it into a better performing asset classes with higher returns. There is a number of financial institutions worldwide which specialize in superyacht financing.

Think about the flag of your future superyacht . In which country will it be registered? Will it be a Red Ensign Flag ? Choice of the country of registration will affect legal status of your superyacht, so choose carefully.

We cannot stress enough how a well-executed and detailed yacht design is crucial for the following yacht construction! Before starting to build a yacht, one needs to run a full check of all documents, specifications and plans. The better you prepare on this stage, the smoother the yacht building process will be.

Build a Yacht: Shipyard & Construction

The big decision alongside the choice of yacht designer and naval architect, is undoubtedly, the choice of shipyard . This is the manufacturer of your future custom superyacht. The shipyard plays an immense role and has responsibility to deliver your new yacht the way you want it.

Once the preliminary design of your yacht is ready, you can start looking for a suitable shipyard to build your yacht.

How to choose a shipyard to biuld a yacht? Which yacht brand is the best for you? Look out for the following points:

• Shipyard size
• Shipyard’s preferred size of yachts
• Years on the market
• Previous experience in building similar yachts as yours
• Delivery schedule
• Own design team
• Reviews of previous clients
• Resale value of yard’s previous yachts
• Project management skills
• Who is the project manager? Do our personalities fit well?
• Are processes in place?
• ISO standards & compliance
• Procurement department & policies in place
• Financial stability of the shipyard
• Do I have a good feeling with the shipyard?

There is quite a variety of shipyards in the world and it can become a daunting task to choose the best one for you. Send your inquiry to several shipyards, and narrow down your choice to 3-4 best ones based on their answers. Get more details and specifications from them and choose the best shipyard.

The shipyard will assign a project manager and a team to run the building of your new custom superyacht.

The project manager is an employee of the shipyard and is the key person who runs the construction of your yacht. His task is to project manage the build, to make sure everything sticks to schedule and there is no significant cost overrun, and to maintain communication with the owner’s representative.

Cooperation between project manager and owner’s representative is key in successful superyacht construction. Whereas the owner’s representative has power to act on owner’s behalf, the shipyard’s project manager is the one who runs the show on shipyard floor.

Visit the shipyard personally and talk to the general manager and the potential project manager (the latter reports to the former).

Take a look at the facilities. Try to find out how the processes at the shipyard are managed. Are proper project management procedures established? Are processes structured and responsibilities clear?

The better the organization of shipyard’s work, the more likely is your new custom yacht to be completed up to your expectations. One of the ways of finding it out is asking for previous client’s opinions. Ask the shipyard if they can share such contacts with you.

The team will prepare a project plan and a project schedule. After that the execution will start. This is a long, sophisticated but a very exciting process, when you will finally see your yacht materializing.

It is good practise to have a yacht engineer or captain who will be working on the yacht after completion to be part of the team during construction. His detailed knowledge of the new yacht will be invaluable for its daily operation after the handover.

Visit the shipyard once in a while and take photos of different stages on construction. What exciting memories to look back at!

During the yacht construction phase, you are likely to submit some changes. Some issues might arise. But don’t get demotivated, it is normal with a project of such scale.

Proper execution control mechanisms and processes will allow your team to identify potential issues at early stages, while it is still relatively easy and cheap to fix them.

Build a Yacht: Sea Trials & Closing

 Finally the construction of your custom superyacht is completed. We know you can’t wait to see your beauty on water!

Launching is the day when your new yacht is put in the water for the first time. It is an exciting and very important moment, which needs to be carefully planned by the shipyard.

Now the yacht needs to be tested in action. This is a period of sea trials . For several weeks, all systems of your new yacht will be tested in operation. This is the final complete technical check of your new luxury boat. Some fixes might be done during this period.

As with a brand new car, some systems on the yacht will take longer time to be fully tested in action. Some fine tunings will surely also be done during the first and second years of your superyacht’s lifetime. It is absolutely normal.

Handover is the final stage of yacht construction project. This is when you sign the final acceptance of the yacht, probably with a list of things which still need to be fixed in the upcoming weeks.

With the handover of the yacht, also all its documentation has to be handed over to you or your team. This includes all the plans, drawings, sea trials results, manuals to all the systems and appliances on board.

Your crew has to have access to all these documents to be able to comfortably transition to the new build yacht.

Give your captain and crew some time to accommodate onboard and get accustomed to the new yacht.

Now you are finally ready to make the first voyage on your new custom superyacht , the moment you have been waiting for so long.

Congratulations!

Build a Yacht: Contract is King

Yacht construction documentation.

When it comes to building a yacht, paperwork matters. With such a large project, all the parties involved are interested in having everything clarified on paper before yacht construction starts.

Unclear or conflicting conditions, missing clauses, mess in communications and emails can substantially complicate building of your yacht. As well as make it much longer and more expensive.

Work with lawyers that have been working with yacht building projects before. They will advice on how to setup contracts, which paragraphs and attachments to include.

You should have the following documentation package: contract, scope of work, technical specifications, terms and conditions, regulations, contract drawings, classification rules, standards, and execution page. 

Due to the nature of new yacht construction projects, roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders can overlap. Best practice is to include description of roles and responsibilities of every stakeholder in an attachment to contract, to avoid confusion.

Make sure you understand every clause in the contract personally. The language might be very specific, but knowing what you sign is absolutely crucial, even if you trust the professionals you hired.

In the end, you are the owner and end beneficiary. It is your yacht and your money, you should know what you are signing for.

Keeping all documentation saved and filed properly might be boring, but it is so important! With a project of such magnitude, paper chaos can come quite fast.

Shipyard will file documentation on their side, but your representative should also have own filing system to make sure you have all papers at hand.

Also, after the yacht construction is completed, as-built documentation shall be handed over to you.

Making changes while you build a yacht

Trust us, no matter how well you planned your new custom yacht in advance, you will want to change at least something later.

Change orders and how they will be handled in the building process are an important part to put down in the contract. Having clear rules on how change orders shall be handled and paid for will significantly ease the process. Make all your changes in writing as an attachment to the contract.

Generally, the fewer change orders you make, the better. The sooner they come during the yacht build, the better. They will also be considerably cheaper to implement.

Just think of how much will need to be redone, if you decide to make changes in hull structure once the yacht is almost finalized, interiors are finished etc.? It might be cheaper to build a second yacht…kidding, but you get our point.

Superyacht Construction: Comfort Onboard

Stabilizers.

Comfort on board of your yacht is central to enjoyment of trips and cruises! Seasickness is sadly something that many people get and it can ruin any vacation. No matter how luxurious a yacht, it is still moving in water, and at least some minimal motion will always be there.

Solution to seasickness are stabilizers. If you are sensitive to motion on water, make sure your yacht has a good stabilizer. It will make a great difference in your yachting experience.

There are many stabilizing systems of varous types on the market. Talk to your team at the design stage and later ask stabilizer manufacturer to provide a motion simulation study.

Noise & Vibration

Not so obvious aspect for new yacht owners are noise & vibration levels outside and inside your yacht. We love the speed that strong engines give – but they are loud. Engines cause noise – and so do propellers, generators, bow thrusters, hydraulics, gearbox…

Work with a good noise level specialist when constructing your yacht, to make sure that noise does not exceed your tolerance level. It is much easier and cheeper to minimize noise already during design and construction of your yacht.

Ideally, use another yacht as a reference point for setting acceptable vibration and noise levels. Test it at the dockside and during cruising. When the yacht is moving, you will hear not only the engine noise, but also sound of waves hitting the hull, wind, propellers.

Specify maximum sound levels in every cabin in the yacht building contract. Most people prefer to have at least some noise level in the cabins, not to feel too locked out of their environment. Also, getting below specific levels gets very expensive, and will probably be unnecessary.

Superyacht Build Success depends on Yacht Owner’s Involvement

Yes, as the future superyacht owner you also have an important role to play in superyacht construction. Only with your active involvement in the project, can the yacht designer and shipyard get all the important information and approvals in time and deliver great results.

Only by knowing what a perfect yacht means specifically for you, can they build this perfect yacht.

If the personal time you are willing to spend on the project is very limited, hire a knowledgeable representative.

Owner’s representative is a key stakeholder in a new yacht build, alongside shipyard’s project manager. Owner’s rep is the major contact point for all the other stakeholders. Make sure he or she has necessary experience, knowledge and power to represent you and make decisions on your behalf.

Yacht owner’s representative should be on pulse of construction schedule, cost, and current stage of the building process. Cooperation between the owner’s representative and the shipyard’s project manager is a key relationship in any superyacht new build.

In short: completing a successful superyacht build is only possible with active cooperation from the owner’s side. There are quite a number of new build projects that run into issues due to lack of owner’s participation.

New yacht construction is your biggest dream coming true, it’s fun to take active part it in!

Yacht Construction: Frequently asked questions

What does a custom yacht mean.

A custom superyacht means a yacht which is designed and build specifically to your requirements. A custom superyacht is unique. If you commission building a custom yacht, there will be no other yacht like yours in the world.

How long does it take to build a yacht?

Superyacht construction times vary depending on the size and complexity of the boat . It can take anything from 2 to 5 years to complete building of a custom superyacht.

How much does it cost to build a yacht?

New build custom made superyachts are more expensive than serial production or semi-custom yachts. Their prices can go up to several tens of millions of dollars on average. Exact price range depends on the yacht size, complexity and finishings. The largest yachts in the world cost considerably more than a hundred million dollars, reaching over a billion dollars for the most expensive ones.

Who is involved in a superyacht build?

Yacht owner, owner’s representative, superyacht designer, naval architect, shipyard (full team typically led by a project manager), lawyers, insurance agent, superyacht financing specialist, classification society surveyor, possibly superyacht broker , superyacht captain & crew, to name the main stakeholders.

What are the best superyacht manufacturers in the world?

There is quite a number of prominent shipyards with expensive experience of building superyachts in the world. The exact choice will depend on the size of yacht, your preferences, budget and taste. With superyacht manufacturers, there is no one size fits all, but there are market leaders. Browse through our Comprehensive list of 193 Superyacht Brands to choose your favorite.

Summary: Build a Yacht

In this article, we discussed new superyacht building process from the yacht owner point of view. We highlighted main points you should keep in mind to avoid common mistakes during yacht commissioning and construction.

It is beyond the scope of this article to list all the important aspects of building a yacht. Hiring an experienced superyacht consultant will significantly ease the yacht build for you.

Get the best superyacht professionals onboard, stay curios and ask questions. With every completed yacht new build you will gain your own experience and know your yachting needs better. We know some serial yacht owners who complete a new yacht build project every couple of years. It’s fun!

And last but not least: building your own superyacht is such a unique adventure, which only few people get to experience. The absolutely main thing is to enjoy it to the fullest!

Do you have questions we have not covered?

Ask us in the comments below, or contact us directly at [email protected] ! We will define your needs and find the best solution together!

Article by Yachtowner.co

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29th June 2020 – Imagine building your very own superyacht, designed to your specific needs, tastes and desires. While building a yacht is more complex and may take years of research and planning than buying new yachts or motor boats for sale , it will also be as exciting and fulfilling as all the future journeys you will enjoy onboard it.  But where to start? How do you go about tackling your very own superyacht construction to realise your own new build yacht ?

A Look Into Building A Yacht – How To Go About It?

Every custom-built superyacht starts with a vision, based on personal preference and taste, and the type of onboard lifestyle desired. What kind of cruising is required, which luxuries would you like onboard, for example a spa or swimming pool, and is a helipad necessary?   With a world of options to consider, the future owner will naturally be the driving force behind their own superyacht construction, but to ensure the smoothest journey possible, they will need a team of experts to work on such a big project.

The Superyacht Construction Team – Key Players

The process of building a yacht will involve a great number of decisions, so having the support of a knowledgeable and experienced team is imperative.

The owner may wish to engage a respected yacht broker to build the team, knowing that they spend a significant amount of time liaising with key players across the yachting industry.  They will also ensure the owner’s interests are protected, while providing access to some of the world’s most exciting and ground-breaking yacht builders.

Key players will include a professional yacht designer and naval architect, who will be chosen depending on the type and style of superyacht construction required.  An engineer will be engaged for detailed design, and an interior designer will need to work in conjunction with both, designing the layout and cabin suites to meet the owner’s requirements.

You will also need to engage an owner’s representative to oversee the superyacht construction on your behalf. In some cases, the vessel’s future captain may take this role, and offer guidance and reassurance throughout the design and construction stages. They will also negotiate the most favourable terms and protect the buyer’s interests.

Dedicated Project Management Team for Building A Yacht

In addition, when building a yacht, a project management team will be engaged to oversee the day-to-day details, from coordinating the production of the technical specs to running a tender process with shipyards, through to price and contract negotiations.

As the superyacht construction progresses, they will act as the go-between for the different parties involved, and ensure that every element of the project is handled efficiently and to the highest standard. Some will work full time, while others with short-term specialisms may be engaged during particular phases of the build.

The Shipyard – The Heart of Superyacht Construction

The shipyard is where the superyacht construction finally gets underway, using its state-of-the-art equipment, experienced representatives and skilled craftsmen. Involved from the design stage, the shipyard will work closely with the project manager and/or owner’s representative, as well as both the interior and exterior designers to ensure that the end result not only fits the owner’s specifications, but also meets marine legislation and technical requirements.

With the complexities of changing international legislation, it is the project manager’s job to liaise with all parties to ensure that everyone is kept up-to-date on any necessary design changes or alterations.

The Legalities

An experienced team of maritime lawyers will be engaged to write contracts that set the guidelines for the build and protect the buyer from technical issues and delays.  Detailed build milestones and payment schedules will also be drawn up. On the vessel’s completion, lawyers will advise on flag registration and handle all other regulatory aspects, as well as the operational setup and ownership structure.

Sea Trial – Exciting & Essential

After successfully building a yacht to the owner’s requirements, surveyors will be needed to establish the vessel’s performance and seaworthiness during a sea trial, an essential part of the construction of any new superyacht. During a sea trial, all parties work together to fine-tune the systems and iron out any issues.

Typically a sea trial takes place on open water and can last several days. The yacht’s crew will usually be engaged six months to a year before completion, and will play an integral part in putting the superyacht through its paces. These will include testing the vessel’s speed, manoeuvrability, equipment and safety features.

Also present onboard will be technical representatives from the shipyard as well as those from any major systems used, the owner’s representative, and governing and certification officials.

The certification officials are employed by a classification society, a third-party service that assures the quality of construction – the nautical equivalent of an MOT. The classification certificate they issue will be required for registering the yacht and obtaining marine insurance.  It may also be required before entering certain ports or waterways, and will be of interest to future charterers and potential buyers.

Owner’s Supply

Most custom yacht contracts do not include what is known as the Owner’s Supply – any additional items the owner desires after building a yacht, such as tenders and water toys, audio-visual and entertainment systems, loose furniture, tableware, and decorative objects.   Each will need to be procured, insured, managed and integrated into the yacht itself before final delivery.

Building A Yacht – The Final Delivery

At last the big day arrives: the superyacht is delivered to her delighted owner, and launched with much fanfare and celebration. The proud new owner is now free to enjoy their very own, truly unique superyacht out on the open water.

The process of building a yacht might be a complex, long-term commitment and a major investment, but a custom-built vessel is limited only by the owner’s imagination. For all the effort and work involved, there can be nothing more thrilling than realising a new build yacht that fulfils all your dreams and requirements, enjoying it with family and friends for many years to come.

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Comments / photos for the Building A Yacht Of Your Own – What Is The Process? page welcome

Professional BoatBuilder Magazine

The quest for eco composites.

By Hans Buitelaar , Dec 2, 2020

Working with eco composites, the build crew at Innovation Yachts in Les Sables d’Olonne, France, applies Filava fiber to the balsa-cored hull of the Open 60 Ant Arctic Lab, a racing yacht intended to be fully recyclable.

Boat yards and design offices embrace new fibers and resins that promise to reduce pollution, consume less energy in production, and yield composite boats that can be recycled.

“It is going to be a big eight,” said skipper Norbert Sedlacek describing his planned solo nonstop sailing journey to prove the durability and go-anywhere quality of his new brand, Innovation Yachts. The Austrian sailor and filmmaker plans to sail from France through the Northwest Passage around Canada and Alaska, head south over the Pacific Ocean, go left around Cape Horn, circle Antarctica, come around Cape Horn again, and set course north to return to France over the Atlantic Ocean—a 34,000-nautical-mile world-record attempt.

His first attempts at this route around the Americas and Antarctica in 2018 and 2019 ended when equipment problems forced a return to France. His 2020 attempt was foiled by the COVID-19 lockdown when Canadian authorities denied permission to cross through the Northwest Passage, so Sedlacek again postponed. Fortunately, our primary interest is really in his boat, not the voyage.

Ant Arctic Lab under way. The boat has yet to make her ambitious long-distance voyage a reality.

Innovation Yachts’ First Builds with Volcanic Fibers

The boat he plans to sail on this challenging trip is the Open 60 (18.29m) Ant Arctic Lab , which he designed and built to be fully recyclable. It is Innovation Yachts ’ first build in cored-composite construction using balsa-wood panels for the core and volcanic-rock fiber—basalt and solidified lava—for the skin laminates. (The resin is a purpose-engineered epoxy.) The result is a yacht that required less energy to build and employs natural and renewable materials as much as possible. And at the conclusion of its useful sailing life, all the yacht’s composite materials can be separated and processed for reuse in another boat or some other composite construction. (See also Butterfly 46: A Yacht for 2050 )

Besides his own quest as an ocean racer, Sedlacek aims to illustrate that yacht building can be sustainable. “To start something new, you need to gain trust. I want to prove that building yachts from natural and recyclable materials results in better boats. If I can complete this immense trip, rounding the Americas and Antarctica, that will show the ruggedness of the boat,” he said.

Sedlacek and his partner, Marion Koch, founded Innovation Yachts in 2016, in the French harbor town and yachting hot spot Les Sables d’Olonne. While informed by some idealistic thinking, their plan to build ocean­going yachts from natural materials is also powered by a surfeit of practical building and sailing experience. Sedlacek’s first solo circumnavigation was in 1996 on the 26 ‘ (7.92m) composite boat Oase II he built himself. His next challenge was building an aluminum yacht to circumnavigate Antarctica through ice-fouled waters. He completed that in 2000 on Oase III . In 2009, he became the first Austrian to finish the Vendée Globe, the iconic French solo nonstop race around the world. Before he could compete in that race, he engineered modifications to the aluminum and composite construction of Austria One to bring her into compliance with International Monohull Open Class Association (IMOCA) 60 design rules.

Next, he created the concept and design and then served as project manager for the 91 ‘ (27.74m) aluminum luxury cruising yacht Bellkara , a sloop with a lifting keel built in 2016 at the Conrad Shipyard in Gdansk, Poland.

Ant Arctic Lab’s lightweight structural core of FSC-certified balsa wood from 3A Composites also provides a measure of sound and thermal insulation to the hull.

Innovation Yachts’ plan since 2016 has been to prove the concept of quality yacht building with a low carbon footprint and fully recyclable materials. Technical Director Marion Koch had written her master’s thesis on the hydromechanics and material properties of IMOCA 60 ocean-racing yachts. Together with Sedlacek and working with her company, Yacht Construction Consulting in Altlengbach, Austria, they introduced volcanic fiber into boatbuilding. The first marine application of the laminate was in the 4.9m Open 16 sloop Fipofix . Sailing this small boat in 2013–14, Harald Sedlacek, Norbert’s son, claimed three world records crossing the Atlantic from Europe to North America and back. (Fipofix, or Fiber Positioning Fixation, is a patented method of processing volcanic fibers into unidirectional fabric, explained below.)

Eco Composite Products and Processes

While modern, the design of Ant Arctic Lab is not dramatically different from other ocean-racing yachts. Recyclability comes largely from its materials. The hand-laid hull is a conventional balsa-cored composite structure. Balsa is super-lightweight, with good strength, stiffness, sound-dampening, and thermal-insulation properties. Innovation Yachts’ balsa supplier, 3A Composites , harvests from Forest Stewardship Council–certified plantations in Ecuador. Because balsa trees grow to 98.43 ‘ (30m) high and 3.28 ‘ (1m) in diameter in just five years, the planting-to-harvest cycle is so short it causes no measurable deforestation, making it a sustainable and quickly renewable resource. As it is absorbent, it also provides an excellent bond with the fiber and resin layer.

The innovation comes from the fiber, a laminate textile called Filava, made of volcanic rock and produced by the Belgian company Isomatex . Volcanic rock is melted at high heat and drawn into fibers, resulting in a strong, water-repellent, lightweight material that resists high temperatures and chemicals. Filava is available as unidirectional fiber tows and as woven fabric. Although the largest European production facility in the town of Gembloux, southeast of Brussels, opened in 2008, volcanic rock fiber has previously been used in composite windmill blades, airplane and car parts, and sports gear.

Cutting the woven Filava fiber from Belgian composite supplier Isomatex. To produce the fiber from basalt and lava rock, the raw materials are melted at high temperature and drawn into fibers that are then processed as unidirectional fibers or woven roving

Volcanic fiber has a melting point of 2,516ºF (1,380ºC), meaning that walls and doors made of Filava can be applied as fire-protection barriers. The fiber also absorbs vibrations and is highly shock resistant. Innovation Yachts considers laminates from volcanic fiber comparable in strength to carbon fiber but at a lower cost, which would make it a desirable boatbuilding material.

Made from basalt rock and other natural components, Filava’s fibers compare favorably to other more common fibers in composite construction: high impact resistance like aramid or Kevlar, better elasticity than fiberglass and carbon, resistance to acid and alkaline environments, and no galvanic corrosion where it’s in contact with metals.

In Isomatex’s proprietary process, raw materials are carefully mixed in a computer-assisted blender and transported by a pneumatic conveyor to the electric induction furnace to melt and refine the lava. The complex process requires high temperatures. The electric furnaces operate two to three times more efficiently than oxy-fuel or gas-fired alternatives. While Filava consumes less energy to produce than do most carbon fibers, it requires more than flax or glass fiber does.

Recognizing that the main dis­advan­tage of raw volcanic fiber is its fragility, Koch’s Yacht Construction Consulting and Norbert Sedlacek, in collaboration with the Austrian telecommunications and logistics company Kapsch, developed a patented process called Fiber Positioning Fixation, or Fipofix. The technique processes the brittle, touchy volcanic fibers into rugged unidirectional fabric purpose-built for marine applications. Other conventional assembly methods (weaving, stapling, and sewing) damaged as much as 40% of the roving filaments, decreasing the product’s performance under compressive and tensile loads. Fipofix bonds the positioned fibers to the respective matrix in the mold for final processing without using foreign materials such as yarns, clamps, or other adhesives that additionally weaken the part. The Fipofix proof of concept was Harald Sedlacek’s record-breaking Atlantic crossing in the Open 16 of the same name.

Custom Epoxies

The composite’s third and final component is the resin. Innovation Yachts chose the resin supplier bto-epoxy (Build to Order, in Amstetten, Austria), an innovative company producing custom epoxies since 2012. The resin shows no shrinkage, contains no harmful solvents, and is intended to remain with the fiber and balsa beyond the end of a yacht’s life, allowing all three materials to be reused. Koch: “We will not heat the epoxy, as it will take a lot of energy to heat all of the materials to the melting point. A lot of the material will then be burnt, so will not be available for recycling anymore. Yet the remaining fibers will be shredded and only need a bit of epoxy to be applied again.” Innovation Yachts has tested the reusability of shredded fibers recovered from composite test panels for the Ant Arctic Lab by incorporating them into non-load-bearing components for new boats, including the dashboard of a yacht tender.

As bto-epoxy is processed from fossil oil, Sedlacek explains this somewhat counterintuitive choice for a yacht largely built with renewable components and materials: “We do not want to use any material that is not developed for yacht building. Yes, there are ‘green’ epoxies available, but they do not have the same properties yet as the resins made out of fossil oil. We do not want to use any construction materials in the hull that are not specially produced for maritime use, or that don’t outperform the ones commonly used in maritime applications.” In some parts of the interior, Innovation Yachts uses epoxy made of vegetable oil, but Sedlacek says it lacks the material properties to have the endurance, water resistance, and impact absorption that the bto-epoxy offers. “As soon as an epoxy resin is developed out of renewable resources that does have the right properties, we will use it,” he said.

Sedlacek is confident of his vision and the leading role his company intends to play: “When an Innovation Yachts hull comes back to the yard after its 30-year lifetime, or even longer, the owner should be getting money for the materials that can be derived from the boat. They have value because of the reusability.”

Sedlacek says he’s looking for long-term investors, because it “takes time to develop something new.” He is convinced that Innovation Yachts is on the right track ushering in an era of more sustainable materials in boatbuilding. “Our new technology is better and cheaper, and recyclable. Massproduction yards will follow. I am convinced they will need to.”

Scaled Up at Amer

Amer Yachts , builder of motor­yachts from 20m to 30m (65.6 ‘ to 98.4 ‘ ) in San Remo, Italy, chose Filava for their composite hulls. As the super­yacht industry requires class society certification, the yard has started a cooperation with the Italian composites company GS4C to test and further develop composites from the recyclable fiber. Class societies ENEA (the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development) and RINA (Registro Italiano Navale, the Italian class society for ship safety certification) are studying Filava’s properties to assess durability. As this certification takes time, the Amer yard will introduce the new fiber in small steps. First, it will be used in nonstructural components. Following successful application, more parts may be constructed from the volcanic fiber.

A rendering of the proposed sailing beach cat for La Bella Verde charter company. The final boat is intended to be sailed by a professional captain and as many as 11 guests. Auxiliary propulsion and onboard power are provided by electricity from solar panels.

An Eco Composite Beach Cat

To provide the most sustainable boats possible, the founders of the yacht charter company La Bella Verde tapped Innovation Yachts to design, engineer, and build their new 10.6m (35 ‘ ) sailing beach catamaran. The boat accommodates 11 guests and a professional captain, with ample space to relax on the trampoline. There is a head in one of the hulls, a fridge, and a sound system—requisite items for beach-hopping in the Bal­earic Islands, where these new catamarans will be chartered at waterside locations on Ibiza and Formentera.

La Bella Verde set out to prove that ecologically benign boating can be a modern, fun luxury experience. Maarten Bernhart, one of the three founders, explains how the company started in 2014: “We bought one open catamaran and converted it to electric propulsion for getting out and into harbors. We continued to convert more open catamarans to green electric-propelled boats [and] sold about seven refitted beach cats.” In search of a suitable day charter catamaran, Bernhart said he found a Rush 10 (32.8 ‘ ) owned by a former builder, and the company bought the molds to build and sell these cats.

Looking for a boat with an even smaller environmental footprint, La Belle Verde teamed up with Innovation Yachts’ Sedlacek and Koch. With a new design ready, the first boats started being built at the Innovation Yachts yard in 2020. They are a sandwich composite of FSC-certified balsa core—made with Filava and bto-epoxy skin laminates. “We offer the La Bella Verde cat to small charter companies that want to stand out with a nonpolluting boat,” Bernhart said. “And we will expand our own fleet with those catamarans.”

A deck detail of the port quarter of the Judel/Vrolijk-designed Flax 27 illustrates the superb aesthetic qualities of the sustainable building materials— clear-finished flax-fiber composite and cork decking—that Green- Boats (Bremen, Germany) selected for the performance daysailer.

Flax Fiber and Linseed-Oil Epoxy

Friedrich Deimann, founder of Green­Boats , a start-up boatbuilding company in Bremen, Germany, calculates that it takes five times as much energy to produce glass fiber rovings, and 20 times as much to make carbon fiber, compared to growing and making fibers from flax. “It is really not nice to work on the construction of composite yachts built in the conventional way,” he said. “The glass fiber or carbon fiber is invasive to the body. The resins and solvents are toxic. Still, after having built a lot of handcrafted wooden sailboats, I was attracted to the possibility of building strong and lightweight in composite. So, when I found flax as a possible fiber, I was eager to use it.”

The high resin absorption rate of the flax fiber makes hand lamination challenging. Resin infusion at GreenBoats allows for better control of the ultimate resin/ fiber ratio.

Next, researching a sustainable core material for sandwich composites eventually led him to cork. It is lightweight, does not absorb water, and has good impact resistance. The hardest ingredient to find was a nonpetrochemical resin. Linseed-oil-based epoxies are available, but most of them do not generally yield the watertightness, durability, stiffness, and shock absorption required in yacht construction. But after extensive testing, Deimann found the right linseed-oil-based epoxy to bind a unique composite of flax fibers and cork core together. In that quest, he said he has tried numerous epoxy resins. The tested epoxies range between 20% and 80% bio-content and are produced by multiple resin manufacturers. Some are better optimized for hand layup, while others are best for infusing, he says. In short, the best resin depends on the material qualities of the fiber and the structure it is being applied to.

The most recent tangible manifestation of Deimann’s research, the Judel/Vrolijk-designed Flax 27 daysailer, is also the boatbuilder’s most complete natural-fiber composite project to date. Finding just the right combinations of flax cloth and linseed-oil epoxy provided the solution for that build. Because flax fully absorbs the resin but is lighter than glass, the resulting laminate can be quite dense. Together with a good core material, the flax/epoxy laminate yields a composite Deimann says is good for building boats. He warns that the high resin absorption rate makes hand lamination of flax material a challenge. He prefers to use resin infusion which better controls the resin/fiber ratio. But he depends on using tightly twisted flax fibers in a dense weave that has high surface density and leaves little space for extra resin to pool between the yarns.

Because the fiber naturally absorbs wet resin, a dense textile weave of tightly twisted flax strands is best for most composite uses.

When they started building the first flax composite boat by hand in a shed with a group of friends and no budget, Deimann and his co-workers had to prove that natural materials could result in an even better composite boat than those made out of petrochemical sources. They’ve come a long way with the 2019 introduction of the much-praised daysailer Flax 27 (8.2m) weighing just 2,645.55 lbs (1,200 kg). GreenBoats offers a choice of core material: cork, or foam from recycled PET soda bottles.

While boatbuilding and sailing remain its focus, the company’s production use of natural-resource composites reaches many other industries, including power generation, automotive, architecture, and outdoor sports. “We do a lot of prototyping to introduce other companies to the use of natural-fiber-reinforced composites,” Deimann said. “The materials selected and the manufacturing process depend on the requirements for the product: life expectancy, quantities, mechanical requirements, etc. This is where the journey with our customers begins, and together we work out various options and compare them in costs, performance, and sustainability.”

GreenBoats has conducted extensive testing to determine the structural properties and the best combinations of sustainable fiber, resin, and core material, such as this flax/cork sandwich composite.

Big Companies Invest in Eco Composites

While the first yards to explore the practicality of building boats from recyclable or sustainable composite materials had to search for the right resins, the large resin manufacturers—often petrochemical companies—are now developing and introducing recyclable and bio-based resins. While I was writing this article, the French chemical company Arkema gave me a questionnaire about the need for eco-resins and the demands boatbuilders would have for such a bio-epoxy. Within weeks, the outcome of the poll and the company’s answers were shared. Arkema has been working to improve its Elium thermoplastic resins to make them recyclable. The resin, though still fossil-oil based, can be separated from the fiber and core material at the end of a boat’s service life.

In practice, composites recycling can be done in two ways: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical is grinding the composite into small pieces and reusing them as a filler material that can be bonded by adding new resin. The chemical approach is to heat the composite so the Elium resin will melt out of the fibers. The resulting crude recycled monomer can be distilled into pure recycled monomer, which can be used as a resin to build new composites.

The Flax 27 daysailer is an effective proof of the materials and build process for the flax/epoxy boats. It’s also an attractive hull and rig design that performs well, which is vital for a model intended as a production-built consumer product.

Global composites supplier Gurit has been working with Swiss high-tech start-up Bcomp, which produces flax fiber. Products now sold through Gurit’s broad distribution networks are Bcomp’s ampliTex and powerRibs. The latter is a structure of flax fibers inspired by the veins of tree leaves to create extra stiff structures at minimal weight. Gurit also sells foam-core material from recycled PET soda bottles; and in its Ampro epoxy resin line, the company offers Ampro Bio, a plant-oil-based epoxy containing roughly 40% plant oil and 60% fossil oil. While none of these fibers, core material, and epoxies are designed for recycling, after being shredded at the end a boat’s service life, the composites may have a second application as material for nonstructural parts—much like the reuse of Filava composites described by Koch.

About the Author: Freelance journalist Hans Buietlaar, who lives in The Nether­lands, specializes in yachting and the maritime industry, focusing on technology and sustainable innovations.

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The future of boatbuilding: a greener approach

• Rupert Holmes
• January 5, 2022

Sustainable materials and disruptive trends are needed to shake up the boatbuilding industry and to make the future of boatbuilding greener. Rupert Holmes reports

When enjoying a glorious day on the water it’s easy to assume sailing must be one of the most sustainable activities on the planet. Yet in many respects the marine industry is decades behind other sectors. Most new yachts use tonnes of virgin plastic that can’t be recycled – a staggering 250,000 tonnes of fibreglass is discarded every year in Europe.

By contrast, more than 80% of the material of scrap cars has been required to be recycled since 2006. Perhaps the closest to this circular economy approach in boatbuilding is Vaan, a new Dutch brand, which has just launched its first aluminium 42ft R4 model. The hulls are made from over 60% recycled aluminium material and the whole boat is completely recyclable.

The Greenboats Flax 27 uses woven flax fibres beneath a clear resin for its main structures.

Of course composite structures, especially cored panels, are inherently more difficult to recycle than the stripped-out bodyshell of a car. A notable exception is that of the roto-moulded hulls of small boats – RS Sailing, for instance, uses a polyethylene material for this purpose, which is easy to recycle.

Fortunately, manufacturers of raw materials such as resin and structural fibres are investing huge amounts in developing more sustainable options. Those building boats using these developing materials tend to be innovative smaller businesses.

Green Boats’ Flax 27 daysailer, for example, highlights the woven structural flax fibres behind clear resins, creating a unique appearance.

But Baltic Yachts has also used flax fibres in a number of projects, including for much of the lay-up of the recently launched 68ft Baltic Café Racer .

The Baltic Café Racer is built using flax fibres

This use of natural materials and pairing them with bio-resins (generally made using by-products from growing sugar cane) is a big step forward. The carbon emissions required to produce the fibres are dramatically reduced, while the resins are less noxious than standard polyester, vinylesters or epoxies.

Volcanic potential

Basalt fibre also offers excellent potential: this volcanic rock can be crushed, then heated to very high temperatures and extruded through microscopic nozzles to form continuous structural fibres that are stronger than steel.

Despite the high temperatures involved the process is a simple one. It uses a single raw material and only 5kWh of power is needed to produce each kilogramme of finished fibre – which makes it more sustainable than glassfibre.

This is the favoured material of Les Sables d’Olonne based Innovation Yachts , which has already produced a 91ft superyacht, an IMOCA 60 -style vessel aimed at breaking round the world records, and the world’s first recyclable solar-electric boat built from composite materials, the LBV35 catamaran .

Windelo, a new multihull yard in the south of France, has produced its first 50ft and 54ft catamarans using a composite sandwich of basalt fibre and PET foam, the latter made from recycled plastic bottles.

It says that, compared to traditional glassfibre methods, this reduces carbon emissions by nearly 50%. Neel Trimarans is also experimenting with many fibre materials such as basalt and linen/flax combinations, bio-resins and PET cores, and is already incorporating these materials in non structural parts of its production yachts.

Use less Materials

Green Boats founder Friedrich Deimann points out that reducing the amount of material used is also a critical element of sustainable manufacture. Green Boats is helping the IMOCA 60 class to produce the many small components these boats use in a more sustainable manner.

The transom escape hatch for 11th Hour Racing ’s new boat, for instance, is made of flax and bio-resin. More time spent on structural engineering means it meets the same structural criteria as carbon hatches, yet is 20% lighter. Equally, the RS Aero dinghy weighs roughly the same as an Optimist, making it 50% lighter than many single-handers of its size.

11th hour racing in the 2021 Fastnet Race Photo: James Tomlinson

Using half the quantity of material halves the greenhouse gas emissions associated with raw materials, but can be difficult to achieve. Vacuum-bagging has been used to optimise resin use for more than 25 years, to create stiffer, stronger, and lighter structures, but the excess resin is effectively wasted once mixed, and it requires vast amounts of single-use plastic.

For smaller components Green Boats gets around this with a panel press which does the same task with vastly reduced waste. Dutch company Curveworks uses adaptive moulds to create cored composite structures that can be ‘stitched’ together into a larger hull.

The Arkema 4 Ocean 50 trimaran launched in 2020 uses recyclable Elium thermoplastic resin

The fundamental problem with resins currently used in boatbuilding, is that it’s impossible to separate them from the structural fibres, which makes it so difficult to recycle. Usually the only viable option is to grind up the composite material to use as a filler in concrete.

French company Arkema has developed a thermoplastic resin called Elium that can be used in much the same way as conventional boatbuilding resins, yet can be fully recovered at the end of its life and used to produce fresh material with identical properties to the virgin resin.

The process also allows the salvaged structural fibres to be reused – important for carbon fibre which requires a huge energy input to create virgin fibre.

A further advantage of Elium is that, unlike conventional boatbuilding resins, thermoplastics can be melted in a controlled fashion that allows elements to be welded together.

Isle of Man-based Exo Technologies has developed a patented material called DANU. This can also be recycled at the end of life and the company calls it a ‘circular composite material’. It’s a combination of styrene-free resin and sustainable fibres that’s stronger and lighter than fibreglass, yet less brittle than carbon fibre. Exo Tech’s subsidiary Ultimate Boats has plans for an offshore 32ft raceboat that would use DANU composite.

The Spirit 30 is Spirit Yacht’s most sustainable yet: a combination of exemplary workmanship and eco construction

An older technology also deserves mention in this context – cold moulded or strip planked construction where layers of timber are glued together with the grain running at different angles, creating a light and stiff structure.

It’s been a popular construction method for low production run yachts for almost 40 years and is how Spirit Yachts continues to build. When combined with bio-resins, this can be a low carbon, sustainable way of producing a boat.

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Boat Construction Comparison

• By Rick Strand
• Updated: September 11, 2013

Engineer and composites expert Rick Strand is president at Impact Matrix Systems, Hampstead, New Hampshire. He has worked for Boston Whaler, ITW Plexus and TPI Composites abd consulted for Baja, Sea Ray and others.

We take it that you know the basics, such as fiber provides the strength and resin provides the stiffness in a fiberglass laminate. And that composite is just a fancy term for a structure made from a combination of materials (hey, straw and clay bricks are “composite”). But can you sift through the rest of the jabber at a boat show?

The materials used to construct boats are varied in cost, application and how they perform. This primer is intended to help you sort the truth from the marketing mush and sales hype.

Fibers Most boat hulls are made using either knitted or woven fabric created from glass fibers. In some fabrics, the fibers crisscross at 0- and 90-degree orientations (0/90). Other axial configurations include plus and minus 45 degrees and either 0 degrees or 90 degrees. The directionality of the fibers enables the engineer to orient them in the direction of the stresses applied to the hull at any location. So, the use of “0” or “+/- 45-degree” fiber doesn’t make a boat better; it simply designates the application.

Woven fabrics require simpler machinery to produce and are hence less expensive than knitted fabric reinforcements. With knits, fibers are laid flat on a surface (by machine) and are knitted through with a lightweight and tenacious fiber to hold them together. The fibers in knitted fabric lie almost absolutely flat.

Woven fabrics’ fiber bundles run over and under each other creating a bulkier material. As a result, there are several things to consider about a boat using woven fabric. First, as the hull ages in the sun, it can develop “print-through.” This condition manifests itself by visibly transmitting the fiber so that the finish is no longer smooth but appears slightly distorted in a crisscross pattern. This occurs because the resins in the hull composite shrink after sitting in the hot sun. This condition is seen in darker-color hulls (green, blue and black) more often because they can reach temperatures of more than 200 degrees F in the direct summer sun. White hulls may get to only 160 F because they reflect more of the sun’s rays. In addition, the dark, shiny colors show the condition more than a light color does because of the way they reflect light. Knitted fibers lie flat, have lower shrinkage stresses and will not produce the print-through condition.

From a structural standpoint, builders that utilize knitted fabric as their primary reinforcement will make hulls, decks and parts that are stronger and stiffer (given proper engineering) than those built with woven-fabric composites. The parts will also be lighter. For the same reason that columns supporting buildings are straight and not wavy, knitted fibers more effectively line up in the direction of applied forces while woven fibers line up like springs. They have less strength and stiffness when they are “off-axis” to the forces. In addition, woven fibers have wells of empty space between the weave that need to be filled with resin to produce the composite. Knitted fabrics have less of this space. Therefore, woven fabrics require more resin to wet out in production. The result is heavier, more structurally inefficient composites.

Finally, woven fabrics will last a shorter period of time before the composites break down and will fatigue from repeated stress (pounding and slamming) on the out-of-plane fibers (springs) formed by the weave. At the end of the day, a boat utilizing knitted fabrics and an equivalent structural design would last longer and experience less cracking. This is particularly useful in deck composites and internal components having odd or transitional shapes.

Backup Materials From engines to cleats the problems that create the most headaches for owners are those associated with backing up hardware. There’s no reason to buy a new boat using plywood in the stringers or floor, as backups for cleats, in handrails, around hatches and, most of all, in the transom. In my many years of marine experience, I’ve learned that doing so will have you removing what little hair you may have left.

Plywood will get wet and rot. You will never be able to sink another new screw into it. Your transom will need to be replaced eventually and so will your stringers, toe rails, etc., etc. Don’t buy into it. Today, there are numerous alternative materials referred to as “boards” that are designed, engineered and produced for this purpose. If they get wet, they will not rot or lose properties. They will last longer and make your life easier as an owner. Many quality boats used plywood for many years because it was cheap, available and easy to cut and fit. Today, there is no excuse for it. Make sure a polymer backer board is used in your vessel. You will enjoy boating all the more for it. The risk of increased costs and lost time on the water associated with using plywood in a new fiberglass boat are far too high to buy one using them.

Resins The resin used to build your boat holds everything together. Polyester resins are popular, but polyester is a generic term covering a vast array of brands and types, differentiated in both name and performance by the type of acid used to make each one. Those acids are orthophthalic, isophthalic and terephthalic. Orthophthalic acid is used to produce general-purpose marine resins. Isophthalic acid is used to produce a more chemical-resistant and slightly stronger grade. Terephthalic acid is not common in boats.

You’ll also hear “DCPD modified resin” bandied about. Without getting overly complicated, DCPD (dicyclopentadiene) is a big molecule. Within a polyester resin chain is the ester linkage — like a repeating linkage in a long chain. This linkage is a chemical bond that can be attacked by water over the long term. Eventually water can break this bond, starting a long-term degradation process that can lead to blistering or even your bottom cracking open. DCPD shields against water, rendering the ester linkage more stable in a wet environment. It also reduces the cost of the resin. Its downfall is its brittleness. It can reduce the crack resistance of your boat.

Also in this category are the vinylester resins. They are more expensive but do not have the ester linkage. Instead, they have an ether linkage, a more moisture-stable connector in the molecule. These resins have great chemical and moisture resistance. They are also much tougher and more flexible than the others. This means that design stress levels can be higher in the composites. This equates to a lighter, more durable boat that can take a beating and keep on ticking without cracking or breaking. Vinylesters are what gave us a revolution back in the early ’80s, when builders could begin to produce hulls that would not blister. Blistering, as you recall, is an indirect result of the ester linkages breaking in the presence of water. Therefore, vinylester resins are the resin of choice for the seeker of a trouble-free experience. You should make sure that your boat is produced with them if the boatbuilder works with polyester resins.

Epoxies are in a similar realm to vinylesters when it comes to performance in a marine composite, though you won’t find many production boats using it. It’s more fickle to use and more sensitive to heat, and some workers are allergic to it. However, if a custom boat is what you seek, it’s a fine alternative. And improvements in chemistry have helped overcome its manufacturing problems.

Generally, the higher-tech and lighter the construction, the more likely you are to find an epoxy choice in resin systems. Vinylester resin is the more likely to be used in a modern marine composite associated with a quality production-boat builder.

The most important consideration concerning all of the materials discussed is the quality of competence of the builders. This has been the biggest ball and chain ever dragged by the industry. Builders who do not have a quality manual probably don’t have a program, and if they don’t have a program (and I mean a good one), you will not have a trouble-free experience. Take it from someone who has done many a quality audit: It does not matter how good the materials are that you are buying. If you do not use them correctly and make sure that is the case every day, you cannot build a trouble-free boat. I do mean trouble-free for years. These days, the industry leaders are doing pretty well here. Many others still are not. The structural “guts” aspects of today’s boats are fairly good and well understood. All the other systems on a boat will need to be dealt with next. When that happens, your boat will be a lot like your car. It will be predictable, reliable and somewhat trouble-free.

Beyond Glass Fiber Carbon fibers and aramid fibers are lighter than glass fibers and, in many configurations, stiffer and stronger too. But they don’t come cheap. Today, glass fiber may cost between $1.50 and $2.50 per pound, while carbon fibers may run in the pricier $18 to $26 per pound range.

Carbon has found strong application in boatbuilding, where aramid (such as Kevlar by DuPont) has been largely withdrawn from the marine market. This is partially because aramid fiber does not adhere well to most resins. Also, it has great tensile strength in the direction of the fiber, but it suffers when loaded off-axis at most angles to the fiber, as well as in compression.

A new technology about to make it to market could drastically improve these problems. This newer technology bonds fibers into a flat configuration that maximizes strength as well as the amount of fiber per unit thickness (in other words, heavier amounts of fiber in a thinner product). This allows lower resin use and lighter-weight construction. For the boat buyer, this can mean a faster and/or more fuel-efficient boat.

Learn More About Cored Composite Boat Structures

Talk about an area of contention over the years…core materials are it. Cores, including foams and balsa wood, are good materials. It is the way they are installed that can make them an owner’s nightmare. Today, improvements in closed molding techniques, like resin infusion, have bettered the quality of core installation. In the hand-laid days, a good installation was like pinning the tail on the donkey. Builders were blindfolded because they couldn’t see the “downside” of the core. The vacuum infusion process has improved core installations, performance and longevity. Both balsa and foam cores can be well produced and last for years. In terms of performance, a cored or sandwich composite is better than a solid composite with respect to strength-to-weight ratio. Cored composites yield lighter, faster and more fuel-efficient boats.

Do not be afraid of buying a new boat made with core materials, but do your homework in selecting your brand and what is behind it. And, FYI, most of those windmill blades you see spinning on the distant peaks are built using vacuum infusion with cored composites.

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Window Treatments: Enhancing Yacht Interiors with Elegant Designs

Windows and ports: a guide for yacht designers: exterior design, hydrodynamics and yacht designers: hull design, exterior design in yacht designers: a comprehensive exploration, rig design: performance optimization for yacht designers, financing options for yacht customization: nautical financing for yacht designers, structural integrity in yacht designers: hull design, yacht financing for first-time buyers: nautical financing, boat building techniques: yacht designers guide to materials and construction.

Boat building techniques have evolved significantly over the years, with yacht designers constantly seeking innovative methods to enhance both the performance and aesthetics of their creations. The choice of materials and construction processes employed in boat building plays a pivotal role in determining the overall quality and durability of a vessel. For instance, consider a hypothetical scenario where a yacht designer aims to construct an ultra-lightweight racing yacht capable of winning prestigious sailing competitions. In order to achieve this goal, the designer must carefully select materials that are not only lightweight but also possess exceptional strength-to-weight ratios.

Moreover, understanding different boat building techniques is crucial for yacht designers as it allows them to create vessels tailored to specific requirements and preferences. Every aspect of construction, be it hull design or interior layout, demands meticulous attention to detail in order to ensure optimal functionality and comfort on board. Furthermore, knowledgeable selection of suitable materials can contribute towards reducing maintenance costs over time while simultaneously maximizing safety standards. Hence, examining various boat building techniques provides invaluable insights into the intricate process involved in transforming concepts into seaworthy masterpieces, ultimately enabling yacht designers to craft vessels that embody elegance without compromising on performance or structural integrity.

Choosing the Right Boat Building Material

To ensure a successful boat building project, it is crucial to choose the right materials that suit your specific needs and requirements. The selection of appropriate boat building material plays a significant role in determining the durability, performance, and overall cost-effectiveness of the vessel. For instance, consider the case study of a yacht designer who sought a lightweight yet sturdy material for constructing a high-performance racing sailboat. By carefully considering various options and conducting extensive research on different materials such as fiberglass composites, carbon fiber, aluminum alloys, and traditional wood construction methods, they were able to make an informed decision.

When choosing boat building materials, several factors need to be taken into account. First and foremost is the intended purpose or use of the vessel. Different types of boats require different material characteristics to optimize their performance on water. Secondly, one must consider the environmental conditions under which the boat will operate – whether it will primarily navigate freshwater lakes or saltwater oceans can significantly influence material choices due to variations in corrosion resistance requirements.

Moreover, budgetary constraints play a vital role in selecting suitable materials for boat construction projects. While some advanced composite materials may offer superior strength-to-weight ratios and increased longevity compared to traditional wooden structures, they often come at higher costs. Therefore, careful consideration should be given to strike a balance between desired performance attributes and available financial resources.

To further illustrate these considerations visually:

• Material Durability : Choose materials with excellent resistance against rotting or degradation caused by exposure to moisture.
• Weight : Opt for lightweight materials without compromising structural integrity.
• Maintenance Requirements : Select materials that are low-maintenance and easy to repair if necessary.
• Environmental Impact : Consider eco-friendly alternatives that minimize negative effects on marine ecosystems.

Understanding the importance of selecting the right boat building material is essential in ensuring a successful project. In the subsequent section, we will delve into the intricacies of hull design and construction, further expanding on this topic.

Understanding Hull Design and Construction

[Transition sentence to next section…] By comprehending various aspects of hull design and construction, one can better appreciate how different materials contribute to the overall performance and longevity of a vessel.

Section H2: Understanding Hull Design and Construction

When it comes to yacht design, the hull is one of the most critical components. It plays a vital role in ensuring stability, speed, and efficiency on the water. To understand hull design and construction better, let’s take a closer look at an example case study.

Consider the hypothetical scenario of a yacht designer tasked with creating a high-performance racing yacht. The goal is to achieve maximum speed while maintaining structural integrity. This case study will serve as our reference point throughout this section.

To ensure successful hull design and construction, several key factors need to be considered:

• Hydrodynamics: A well-designed hull shape minimizes resistance through the water, allowing for increased speed. Factors such as length-to-beam ratio, keel configuration, and bow shape all impact hydrodynamic performance.
• Structure: The strength and rigidity of the hull are crucial for both safety and performance. Proper material selection (e.g., fiberglass composite or aluminum) ensures durability without compromising weight.
• Weight Distribution: Balancing the distribution of weight within the hull affects stability, maneuverability, and overall sailing characteristics. Placing heavier components lower in the vessel helps maintain optimal balance.
• Joinery Techniques: Choosing appropriate joinery techniques influences not only aesthetics but also functionality and longevity. Exploring different joinery methods allows for customization based on specific requirements.
• Length-to-beam ratio
• Keel configuration
• Material selection (fiberglass composite or aluminum)
• Strength and rigidity
• Optimal balance through strategic placement of heavy components

Moreover, we can present additional information utilizing a table format below:

In conclusion, understanding hull design and construction is essential for creating a high-performance yacht. By considering factors such as hydrodynamics, structure, weight distribution, and joinery techniques, designers can ensure the vessel meets performance goals while maintaining safety standards.

Moving forward with our exploration of yacht construction methods, let’s now turn our attention to the topic of “Exploring Different Joinery Techniques.”

Exploring Different Joinery Techniques

In our exploration of boat building techniques, it is essential to delve into the realm of joinery. Joinery plays a crucial role in ensuring the structural integrity and longevity of a yacht. By examining different joinery techniques, we can gain insight into how designers create robust connections between various components.

To illustrate this point, let’s consider an example where a yacht designer opts for traditional carvel planking as their hull construction method. Carvel planking involves attaching long wooden planks edge-to-edge over a frame structure. To achieve optimal strength and durability, meticulous joinery must be employed at each seam. The precision and craftsmanship required for this technique are evident in both its aesthetic appeal and functional reliability.

When exploring different joinery techniques within boat building, several factors come into play:

Material Compatibility:

• Each joint should ensure compatibility with the chosen materials, considering aspects such as expansion rates and resistance to corrosion or rot.
• A mismatched combination may result in premature failure or degradation of the joint over time.

Strength and Load Distribution:

• Effective joints distribute loads evenly across connected components, preventing stress concentrations that could compromise the vessel’s overall stability.
• Factors like shear forces, torsion, bending moments need careful consideration during joint design.

Water Resistance:

• Joints must be designed to withstand exposure to water without compromising their structural integrity.
• Proper sealing methods or waterproof adhesives should be utilized based on the materials involved.

Maintenance Requirements:

• Practicality dictates that joints should allow for ease of inspection, repair, and maintenance throughout the lifespan of the yacht.
• Accessibility considerations should be factored in during initial joint design decisions.

The table below highlights some commonly used joinery techniques along with their respective advantages and disadvantages:

By exploring different joinery techniques and considering the factors mentioned above, yacht designers can make informed decisions about which methods best suit their specific project requirements. The importance of structurally sound joints cannot be overstated, as they contribute significantly to the overall performance and safety of a yacht.

Transitioning into the subsequent section on “The Importance of Structural Integrity,” it becomes evident that understanding various joinery techniques is crucial in ensuring a strong foundation for a yacht’s structural integrity. By implementing appropriate joinery methods, designers lay the groundwork for constructing vessels capable of withstanding rigorous maritime conditions.

The Importance of Structural Integrity

In the previous section, we delved into the world of joinery techniques used in boat building. Now, let us shift our focus to another crucial aspect of yacht construction: the importance of structural integrity. To illustrate this concept, imagine a hypothetical scenario where two yachts encounter rough seas.

Consider Yacht A, constructed using traditional joinery methods and materials that do not prioritize durability. As it battles against turbulent waves and strong winds, its weak joints begin to loosen under the immense pressure exerted on them. Eventually, water seeps through these openings, leading to internal damage and compromising the vessel’s stability.

On the other hand, there is Yacht B, built with modern joinery techniques specifically designed for enhanced structural integrity. This yacht withstands the same challenging conditions as Yacht A but remains steadfast due to its reinforced connections and robust materials. Its secure joints prevent any water infiltration, ensuring the safety of both crew and passengers.

To achieve such reliable structural integrity in yacht construction, designers must consider various factors:

Material selection:

• Optimal choices include fiberglass composites or marine-grade aluminum.
• These materials offer strength while being lightweight enough for efficient performance.
• Their corrosion resistance properties ensure longevity even in harsh marine environments.

Connection reinforcement:

• Employing advanced bonding agents or adhesives can enhance joint strength.
• Traditional fastening methods like screws and bolts are complemented by modern alternatives such as epoxy resins or carbon fiber wraps.

Structural design considerations:

• Incorporate load-bearing elements strategically throughout the yacht’s framework.
• Utilize computer-aided design (CAD) software to optimize placement for maximum stability and weight distribution.

Quality control measures:

• Implement rigorous testing protocols during fabrication processes to identify weaknesses before they become critical issues.
• Conduct regular inspections and maintenance checks to ensure ongoing structural integrity.

In summary, prioritizing structural integrity in yacht construction is essential to ensure the vessel’s safety and longevity. Utilizing materials that offer strength and durability, reinforcing connections with modern joinery techniques, considering load-bearing elements during design, and implementing thorough quality control measures are all vital steps towards achieving this goal.

Looking ahead to our next section on incorporating advanced technology in yacht building, we will explore how cutting-edge innovations further enhance both the structural integrity and overall performance of modern yachts.

Incorporating Advanced Technology in Yacht Building

As the yacht building industry continues to evolve, incorporating advanced technology has become essential for yacht designers and builders. Advancements in materials, construction techniques, and onboard systems have revolutionized the way yachts are built and equipped. This section explores the various ways in which advanced technology is being integrated into yacht building processes, enhancing both performance and comfort for owners and passengers.

Case Study – The Integration of Carbon Fiber Composite Materials: One notable example of how advanced technology is transforming yacht construction is the integration of carbon fiber composite materials. Carbon fiber composites offer exceptional strength-to-weight ratios, making them ideal for creating lightweight yet robust structures. By utilizing carbon fiber composites in key areas such as hulls or masts, yacht designers can enhance performance by reducing weight while maintaining structural integrity.

Advantages of Integrating Advanced Technology:

• Improved Efficiency: Advanced propulsion systems and energy management technologies optimize fuel consumption and reduce environmental impact.
• Enhanced Comfort: Onboard automation systems provide seamless control over lighting, temperature, entertainment facilities, and even navigation.
• Increased Safety: Cutting-edge radar systems and state-of-the-art collision avoidance technologies minimize risks associated with navigating congested waterways.
• Sustainable Practices: Utilizing renewable energy sources like solar panels or wind turbines reduces reliance on fossil fuels and contributes to a more eco-friendly approach to yachting.

Table – Examples of Technological Advances:

The table below showcases some examples of technological advances that are being incorporated into modern yacht designs:

Transitioning to the next section: By embracing advanced technology in yacht building, designers and builders are pushing the boundaries of innovation. However, it is equally important to ensure that these developments align with safety and compliance standards. In the subsequent section, we will explore how yacht builders incorporate safety measures and adhere to regulatory requirements while utilizing cutting-edge technologies.

Ensuring Safety and Compliance Standards

As yacht builders continue to explore the potential of advanced technology, it becomes imperative to maintain safety standards that ensure the well-being of passengers and comply with regulations. In this section, we will delve into the crucial aspects of ensuring safety and compliance in yacht construction.

Section – Ensuring Safety and Compliance Standards

To illustrate the importance of adhering to safety and compliance standards, let’s consider a hypothetical scenario where a luxury yacht is built using subpar materials without proper testing or certification procedures. As a result, the vessel encounters structural failures during its maiden voyage, jeopardizing the lives of everyone on board. This unfortunate incident serves as a reminder that strict adherence to safety protocols is paramount in yacht building.

When it comes to ensuring safety and compliance, several key factors demand attention:

• Material Selection: Using high-quality materials that meet industry standards for strength, durability, and fire resistance reduces the risk of accidents caused by material failure.
• Structural Integrity: Employing sound engineering principles ensures that hulls, deck structures, and other critical components are designed to withstand various sea conditions.
• Electrical Systems: Implementing reliable electrical systems equipped with appropriate grounding mechanisms prevents hazards such as electric shock or fires due to short circuits.
• Emergency Preparedness: Incorporating comprehensive emergency plans along with life-saving equipment like life rafts, personal flotation devices (PFDs), and fire suppression systems can mitigate risks during unforeseen circumstances.
• Peace of Mind for Passengers
• Enhanced Vessel Resilience
• Protection Against Accidents at Sea
• Compliance with Regulatory Bodies

Table showcasing different certifications:

In conclusion, maintaining safety and compliance standards during yacht construction is indispensable. By selecting appropriate materials, ensuring structural integrity, implementing reliable electrical systems, and preparing for emergencies, the risk of accidents can be significantly reduced. Additionally, obtaining certifications such as ISO 9001:2015, complying with SOLAS regulations, working with reputable classification societies like RINA, and adhering to guidelines set by organizations like the MCA contribute to a safer and more reliable yacht-building industry. Prioritizing safety not only protects passengers but also safeguards the reputation and success of yacht designers and builders alike.

Related posts:

Composite materials in yacht designers: materials and construction, marine engineering in yacht designers: materials and construction, materials and construction: the key elements in yacht design, previous insurance coverage for yacht design: nautical financing, next tax considerations in yacht financing: a guide for yacht designers in nautical financing, victoria j. manzo, related posts.

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DIY Boat Building: 8 Tips and Tricks for Building Your Own Vessel

Do you dream of your custom-built boat, but the exorbitant expenses of skilled workmanship make you feel like a fish out of water? Don’t throw in the anchor just yet! Dive into the realm of DIY boat construction and surf the waves of creativity. You may sail away on a sailboat as unique as you are with a dash of carpentry abilities, a treasure trove of tools, and a sprinkling of patience. We’ve compiled a list of must-know boat-building tips and tactics to help you succeed. Prepare to make waves and convert your dream boat into a thrilling reality!

1. Choose Your Boat Type and Design Carefully

The first step in any DIY boat-building project is deciding what vessel you want to construct. There are many different types of boats to choose from, including sailboats, powerboats, canoes, kayaks, and rowboats. Consider your budget, building space, and intended use when narrowing your options.

Next, find a suitable design for your chosen boat type. There are numerous online resources, such as forums and blogs, where DIY boat builders share their experiences and advice on specific designs. You can also purchase boat plans or check out books from the library. Remember, a simple design is essential for a successful build, especially if you have limited experience.

2. Learn the Terminology and Construction Techniques

Before diving into your project, take the time to familiarize yourself with the common terms and techniques used in boat building. Many great resources are available, ranging from books and articles to online forums and videos. Understanding the terminology will make it easier to interpret plans and follow instructions.

3. Invest in Quality Tools and Materials

You must invest in high-quality tools and materials to build a sturdy, long-lasting boat. While it can be tempting to save money by purchasing cheaper alternatives, these products may compromise the structural integrity of your vessel.

Additionally, if you don’t already own them, consider investing in some essential boat-building tools, such as:

Epoxy and Fiberglass

4. Create a Suitable Working Space

Devote an area in your home or garage to your boat-building project. Make sure the space is large enough for your boat, plus additional room for tools, materials, and mobility. This dedicated workspace allows you to keep your materials organized and reduces the risk of accidents due to clutter.

5. Develop a Project Timeline

Before beginning construction on your boat, create a project timeline that outlines each phase of the building process. This timeline should include tasks such as gathering materials, cutting and assembling parts, and applying finishes. It will help you stay on track and can provide a visual reference for what needs to be done and when.

6. Take Safety Precautions

Safety should always be a top priority when working with tools and hazardous materials like epoxy and fiberglass. To ensure your safety, be sure to:

Wear safety glasses, gloves, and dust masks when necessary

Ventilate your work area to help minimize the risk of inhaling toxic substances

Keep all tools and chemicals out of children’s reach

Store flammable materials in a safe container and away from heat sources

7. Start with a Solid Foundation

A well-built boat starts with a sturdy foundation – the boat’s backbone. Be sure to mill your timbers, beams, and ribs correctly and double-check that they align accurately. If necessary, use molds, jigs, or temporary frames to ensure the boat remains symmetrical during the assembly process.

8. Don’t Be Afraid to Ask for Help

Boat building can be a complex and challenging endeavor, but don’t be afraid to reach out for help if you’re feeling overwhelmed. Online forums, local boat clubs, and fellow DIY enthusiasts can be great sources of advice and support throughout your project. Few things are more satisfying than the sense of community and camaraderie formed with fellow boatbuilders.

Create That Beautiful Vessel

DIY boat building can be an incredibly rewarding experience, providing you with a beautiful, custom-made vessel and a sense of accomplishment once completed. By taking the time to do thorough research, plan your project carefully, invest in quality tools and materials, and adhere to safety precautions, you’ll be well on your way to building the boat of your dreams. Happy boat building!

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How to Cite a Short Story

Last Updated: April 1, 2021

This article was co-authored by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . Jennifer Mueller is a wikiHow Content Creator. She specializes in reviewing, fact-checking, and evaluating wikiHow's content to ensure thoroughness and accuracy. Jennifer holds a JD from Indiana University Maurer School of Law in 2006. This article has been viewed 121,294 times.

In many research papers, you may want to cite a work of fiction, such as a short story. Since short stories normally appear in collections or anthologies, you generally cite them the same way you would cite a chapter or an essay in a larger work. Your specific format will differ depending on whether you're using the Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA), or Chicago citation style.

Sample Citations

• Example: Moore, Lorrie.

• Example: Moore, Lorrie. "Community Life."

• Example: Moore, Lorrie. "Community Life." Birds of America ,
• If the larger work is an anthology or collection of stories by several authors, include the name of the editor after the title of the anthology or collection. Place a comma after the editor's name. For example: Poe, Edgar Allan. "The Masque of the Red Death." The Heath Introduction to Literature , edited by Alice S. Landy,
• If the short story was published independently, such as on a website, skip this part of the citation and move on to the publication information.

• Example: Poe, Edgar Allan. "The Masque of the Red Death." The Heath Introduction to Literature , edited by Alice S. Landy, 5th ed., D.C. Heath, 1996,
• If you found the short story online, provide the direct URL for the story instead of print publication information.

• Example: Poe, Edgar Allan. "The Masque of the Red Death." The Heath Introduction to Literature , edited by Alice S. Landy, 5th ed., D.C. Heath, 1996, pp. 202-206.

• Example: (Poe 204).

• Example: Poe, E. A.

• Example: Poe, E. A. (1996).

• Example: Poe, E. A. (1996). The masque of the red death.

• Example: Poe, E. A. (1996). The masque of the red death. In A. S. Landy (Ed.), The Heath introduction to literature
• If you found the short story by itself, online or elsewhere, skip this portion of the citation.

• Example: Poe, E. A. (1996). The masque of the red death. In A. S. Landy (Ed.), The Heath introduction to literature (5th ed., pp. 202-206).

• Example: Poe, E. A. (1996). The masque of the red death. In A. S. Landy (Ed.), The Heath introduction to literature (5th ed., pp. 202-206). Washington, D.C.: Heath.

• Example: (Poe, 1996).
• If you directly quote the short story, include a page number after the year. For example: (Poe, 1996, p. 204).

• Example: Poe, Edgar Allan.

• Example: Poe, Edgar Allan. "The Masque of the Red Death."

• Example: Poe, Edgar Allan. "The Masque of the Red Death." In The Heath Introduction to Literature, ed. Alice S. Landy, 202-206.

• Example: Poe, Edgar Allan. "The Masque of the Red Death." In The Heath Introduction to Literature, ed. Alice S. Landy, 202-206. Washington, D.C.: Heath, 1996.

• Example: Edgar Allan Poe, "The Masque of the Red Death," in The Heath Introduction to Literature , ed. Alice S. Landy (Washington, D.C.: Heath, 1996), 204.

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• ↑ http://irsc.libguides.com/c.php?g=483085&p=3303416
• ↑ http://libguides.heidelberg.edu/chicago/book/chapter

About this article

To cite a short story using MLA format, write the author's last name, add a comma, and write their first name, followed by a period. Next, write the story's title in quotation marks using title case and put a period after it, inside the closing quotation marks. Then, type the title of the anthology or collection, the name of the publisher, the name of the publication, and the page numbers for the story. For tips on citing a short story using APA or Chicago format, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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How to Cite Short Stories in MLA

Last Updated: January 18, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by wikiHow Staff . Our trained team of editors and researchers validate articles for accuracy and comprehensiveness. wikiHow's Content Management Team carefully monitors the work from our editorial staff to ensure that each article is backed by trusted research and meets our high quality standards. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 89,094 times. Learn more...

Short stories can be great resources for a literary essay or a paper for an English class. To cite a short story, you have to include an in-text citation, which will take the form of "(O'Connor 10)" and then create a citation in the Works Cited page, which will look like this: "O’Connor, Flannery. ‘A Good Man is Hard to Find.’ The Collected Stories of Flannery O’Connor. New York: FSG, 2000. 255-356. Print."

Writing In-Text Citations

• For example, you may write, “In the short story 'A Good Man is Hard to Find', the Misfit character notes, ‘I found out the crime don’t matter. You can do one thing or you can do another, kill a man or take a tire off his car, because sooner or later you’re going to forget what it was you done and just be punished for it.’”

‘She was a talker, wasn't she?’ Bobby Lee said, sliding down the ditch with a yodel. ’She would of been a good woman,’ The Misfit said, ‘if it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life.’ ‘Some fun!’ Bobby Lee said. ‘Shut up, Bobby Lee,’ The Misfit said. ‘It's no real pleasure in life.’

• For example, you may write, “In the short story 'A Good Man is Hard to Find,' the Misfit character notes, ‘I found out the crime don’t matter. You can do one thing or you can do another, kill a man or take a tire off his car, because sooner or later you’re going to forget what it was you done and just be punished for it’ (O’Connor 10).”

‘She was a talker, wasn't she?’ Bobby Lee said, sliding down the ditch with a yodel. ’She would of been a good woman,’ The Misfit said, ‘if it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life.’ ‘Some fun!’ Bobby Lee said. ‘Shut up, Bobby Lee,’ The Misfit said. ‘It's no real pleasure in life’(O'Connor 23)."

• For example, you may write a citation such as: “(O’Connor 23)” or “(Gaitskill 12).”

Creating a Citation for the Works Cited Page

• For example, you may write, “O’Connor, Flannery” or “Erdrich, Louise, and Diaz, Junot.”

• For example, you may write, “O’Connor, Flannery. ‘A Good Man is Hard to Find.’ The Collected Stories of Flannery O’Connor. ” or “Erdrich, Louise. ‘The Flower.’ The Best American Short Stories 2016. ”

• For example, you may write, “Erdrich, Louise. ‘The Flower.’ The Best American Short Stories 2016, Ed. by Junot Diaz.”

• For example, you may write, “O’Connor, Flannery. ‘A Good Man is Hard to Find.’ The Collected Stories of Flannery O’Connor. New York: FSG, 2000.” Or you may write, “Erdrich, Louise. ‘The Flower.’ The Best American Short Stories 2016, Ed. by Junot Diaz, New York: Harper Collins, 2016.”

• For example, you may write, “Gaitskill, Mary. ‘Something Better Than This.’ Fictionaut.'"

• For example, you may write, “Erdrich, Louise. ‘The Flower.’ The Best American Short Stories 2016, Ed. by Junot Diaz, New York: Harper Collins, 2016. 324-414.”

• For example, you may write, “O’Connor, Flannery. ‘A Good Man is Hard to Find.’ The Collected Stories of Flannery O’Connor. New York: FSG, 2000. 255-356. Print.”
• Or you may write, “Gaitskill, Mary. ‘Something Better Than This.’ Fictionaut. Web. 12 December 2017.”

• ↑ https://penandthepad.com/cite-short-story-mla-format-1134.html
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/punctuation/quotation_marks/quotation_marks_with_fiction.html
• ↑ https://otis.libguides.com/mla_citations/books#s-lg-box-15872775
• ↑ https://penandthepad.com/cite-short-story-anthology-8558144.html
• ↑ https://warren.libguides.com/c.php?g=1062317&p=7724336
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_page_books.html

About This Article

Citing a short story can be a great way to strengthen your paper. To do an in-text citation, include the author’s last name and the page number in parentheses after the quoted text. For example, if you’re citing from page 10 of O’Connor’s “A Good Man is Hard to Find,” you would follow your quote with (O’Connor 10). Always place the period in the sentence after your citation. On your works cited page, you need to provide a more detailed citation. It should begin with the author’s last and first names, with a comma separating them. Then, add the title of the story in quotation marks, the name of the anthology in italics, the place of publication, the publisher’s name, and the date of publication. A completed citation may look like, “O’Connor, Flannery. 'A Good Man is hard to Find.' The Collected Stories of Flannery O’Connor. New York: FSG, 2000.” To see some additional examples of MLA citations, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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MLA Citation Guide (9th Edition): Books, eBooks & Pamphlets

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On This Page: Books & eBooks

Citing a part of a book vs citing the whole book, book in print - one author, book in print - two authors, book in print - three or more authors, book - group or corporate author, ebook from a library database - one author, ebook from a library database - two authors.

• eBook from a Library Database - Three or More Authors
• eBook from a Website

eBook from an eReader Platform

Open textbook (free online textbook), a book chapter uploaded to moodle, a book prepared by an editor, chapter, short story, or essay from a book (edited anthology or collection), short story or essay from a book (anthology or collection of author's own work), article or essay in an authored textbook, book with editor(s) but no author, how can i tell if it's a book in print or an ebook.

A print book means it's printed on paper. If you checked the book out of a library or bought it from a bookstore, it's print.

An eBook is a book you can read entirely online or on an eReader.

Citing an eBook with no Page Numbers

When there are no page numbers listed on an ebook, or it is a resizable format like Kindle or EPUB, cite the chapter number instead in your in-text citation.

Example: (Smith ch. 2).  

In-Text Citation For Two or More Authors/Editors

Translated book.

When citing a book that has been translated, you include the translator's information in the Works Cited reference after the title of the book.

Dorfman, Ariel, and Armand Mattelart.  How to Read Donald

Duck: Imperialist Ideology in the Disney Comic .

Translated by David Kunzle, OR Books, 2018.

Access Date

Works from the web can be changed or removed at any time, so it is often important to include the date you accessed the material in your citation. This is  optional , but is especially important when there is no date specifying when the item (web document, article, webpage) was produced, or you believe the source has been edited without notice. Add the access date to the end of your citation.  E.g. Accessed 23 July 2019.

Authors/Editors

An author can be a person but can also be an organization, or company. These are called group or corporate authors.

If you are citing a chapter from a book that has an editor, the author of the chapter is listed first, and is the name listed in the in-text citation.

The format of all dates is: Day Month (shortened) Year. E.g. 5 Sept. 2012.

Write the full date as you find it on the source. If there is only a year listed, you will only put the year in your citation. For others, you will also include a month and day if they are given.

If there is no date listed, just leave it out unless you can find that information available in a reliable source. In that case the date is cited in square brackets to show that you found that information somewhere else. E.g. [2008]

Page Numbers

On your Works Cited page (but not for in-text citations), single page numbers are preceded by p. and a range of page numbers is preceded by pp. E.g. p. 156 or pp. 79-92.

You have the option to use the shortened name of the publisher. For example, you can use UP instead of University Press (e.g. Oxford UP instead of the full name Oxford University Press).

You also have the option to remove articles (A, An, The), business abbreviations (e.g. Co., Inc.) and descriptive words (e.g. Books, House, Press, Publishers). 

Capitalize the first letter of every important word in the title. You do not need to capitalize words such as: in, of, or an. Do not use all-caps (except for words like USA where each letter stands for something), even if the words appear that way on the book or article.

If there is a colon (:) in the title, include what comes after the colon (also known as the subtitle).

Note : For your Works Cited list, all citations should be double spaced and have a hanging indent.

A "hanging indent" means that each subsequent line after the first line of your citation should be indented by 0.5 inches. Microsoft Word and some other text editing programs allow you to highlight a citation and apply a hanging indent. 

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication. 

Last Name, First Name of First Author, and First Name Last Name of Second Author. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication. 

  Note: Only the first author's name appears in "Last Name, First Name" format. The second author's name appears in "First Name Last Name" format. 

Last Name, First Name of First Author, et al. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication. 

  Note:  If there are three or more authors   list  only the  first  author's name followed by et al. instead of listing all authors' names.  The first author is  the first name listed on the work  you are citing, not the first name alphabetically.

Name of Corporate Author. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of Publication.

 Note : When the organization that published the work is also the corporate author of the work, begin the entry with the title, skipping the author element, and list the organization only as publisher. If the corporate author is a division of a larger organization, the division is the author and the organization is the publisher. 

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication.  Name of Library Database .

Last Name of First Author, First Name, and First Name Last Name of Second Author. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication.  Name of Library Database.  

  Note: Only the first author's name appears in "Last Name, First Name" format. The second author's name appears in "First Name Last Name" format.

eBook From a Library Database - Three or More Authors

Last Name of First Author, First Name, et al. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication.  Name of Library Database.  

eBook From a Website

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication.  Website Name, URL. Accessed Day Month Year site was visited if there is no publication date . File type.

  Note : When the landing page provides a choice of formats (such as PDF or EPUB), include the file type at the end of the citation (in case there are slight differences between versions). If you use the default format of the book, omit this element. In most cases, a URL should be provided. However, if there is a DOI, use it instead (because it is the most stable link to the book), beginning with https://doi.org. 

Author's Last Name, First Name.  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, e-book ed., Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication. File type.

  Note:  The file type is important to include, since only a PDF will have stable page numbering. Do not cite the website (Amazon, VitalSource, Google Play, etc) as a container.

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition,   Publisher name if different from website name ,  Year of Publication. Website Name , URL if no DOI is provided. File type.

Author Last Name, Author First Name. "Title of Book Chapter."  Moodle , uploaded by Instructor Name, upload date [if known], moodle.columbiacollege.bc.ca/.

Note:  The MLA Style Center has more guidance on citing online handouts and readings , including the difference between a reading that is uploaded to a course versus one that is shared via a link. If your instructor asks you to practice citing a course reading using the original publication information, follow the model for the original type of source (book chapter, journal article, etc.). 

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  edited by Editor's First Name and Last Name ,  Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Chapter, Short Story, or Essay." Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  edited by Editor's First Name and Last Name,  Edition if given and is not first,  Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication, Page numbers of the chapter, short story, or essay. 

  Note:  The author listed at the beginning of the citation is the author of the chapter, short story, or essay.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Short Story or Essay."  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  Edition if given and is not first,  Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication, Page numbers of the short story or essay. 

  Note:   Use this format when the book is a collection of an author's own work. In this case, there will be no editor.

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article or Essay."  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any,  by Author's First Name and Last Name,  Edition if given and is not first,  Publisher Name often shortened, Year of publication, Page numbers of the article or essay. 

  Note:  The first author's name listed is the author of the article or essay. The second is the author of the textbook.

Last Name of editor, First Name, editor(s).  Title of Book: Subtitle if Any.  Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of Publication.

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MLA Short Story Citation – Format & Examples

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In academic writing , it is crucial to cite short stories properly to maintain academic integrity and avoid plagiarism . The MLA style guide (Modern Language Association) has specific formatting rules for this. In MLA , specific components such as the author’s name, the story title within quotation marks, the anthology title in italics, and other details regarding publication like the page number or range, must be included. This allows the readers to find original sources and ensures proper credit.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 MLA Short Story Citation – In a Nutshell
• 2 Definition: MLA short story citation
• 3 MLA short story citation: Quoting & citing
• 4 MLA short story citation: Book
• 5 MLA short story citation: Newspaper or magazine
• 6 MLA short story citation: Online

MLA Short Story Citation – In a Nutshell

• MLA short story citation entails a proper introduction of the quoted content.
• Make sure to write the introduction in your own words.
• It is always followed up with an in-text citation in accordance with MLA guidelines
• An MLA in-text citation includes the author’s name and the page number of the quote.

Definition: MLA short story citation

The structure for MLA short story citation includes an introduction of the quote in your own words, followed by an in-text citation . The in-text citation should include the name of the author, followed by the page number from which you obtained the quote. See the format and an example of an MLA Works Cited entry below.

MLA short story citation: Quoting & citing

One key element you must consider during MLA story citation is the introduction quotation. The introduction should be done in your own words so it does not go against plagiarism regulations. After the introductory sentence, you can place a colon, then place an in-text MLA story citation immediately after.

Then the narrator speaks of his experience in first person as he refers to his background and influence: “I never saw my parents argue or have a misunderstanding in my presence.” (Andrew, 100).

Alternatively, you can integrate the quote in a different sentence. If you decide to name the author in the introductory quote, then the page number should appear in parentheses .

Andrew describes his childhood as peaceful and “without any parental conflict” (87).

Ensure to use block quote format when quoting more than four lines.

Citing the same story consecutively

When referring to the same story more than once, you do not need to include the author’s name repeatedly. However, you must clarify that you are citing the same source repeatedly. Instead of the author’s name, just add the page number in the MLA short story citation.

Andrews describes his childhood as peaceful and “without any conflict” (97). His narration includes descriptions of his father’s temperament, which is “calm and orderly” (101).

However, if you start a new paragraph or refer to a different citation, the above rule does not apply. The next MLA short story citation should include the name of the author.

MLA short story citation: Book

You can also cite a short story from a book containing a collection of stories. In this citation, you must include the author’s name, story title, book title, editor (s), year, and the page range where the short story is featured. Below are guidelines for MLA short story citation for a book source:

If the cited story is published in a collection from a single author and does not have an editor’s name, you can omit the editor from the MLA short story citation. Below is the format:

MLA short story citation: Newspaper or magazine

You must also follow MLA short story citation when referencing stories from a newspaper or magazine. In such a case, you must list the periodical’s name, publication date, and the page range where the content is sourced. Below is the MLA short story citation format for newspaper or magazine sources:

MLA short story citation: Online

When citing a short story published online, you must list the name of the website, the publication date, and the URL. If the page name is not available and the author’s name is mentioned in your sentence, then you only need a parenthetical citation .

What is the general format of an MLA short story citation?

The general format is as follows: Name of author, First name. “Title of Story.” Book Title , edited by Editor’s first and last name, Publisher, Year, pp. Page range

Can you cite a book chapter using MLA short story citation guidelines?

You can cite a specific chapter if each chapter has a different author or if the book is a collection of works. In this case, add separate works cited entries for each.

What should you include when citing short stories in magazines?

You must list the periodical’s name, publication date, and the page range where the content is sourced.

What are the guidelines for citing online-sourced stories?

When citing a short story that is published online, you must include the name of the website, the publication date, and the URL.

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MLA Citation Style, 9th Edition

• MLA Style, 9th Edition
• In-text citations
• Books - Multiple Authors
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A work (e.g., essay, short story) in an anthology or compilation

When you are citing one work from a book in the text of your paper and the book has many different authors, you will list the information about that work (critical essay, short story from an anthology, etc) first.

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How to Cite Short Stories in APA Format

The American Psychological Association sets forth standards for organizing content, writing style and citing references for papers written for academic fields, such as social sciences, psychology, business and nursing. While it might be rare to cite a short story in such a paper, you can follow the rules for citing an article or chapter in a book.

Citing a Short Story Collection

All sources mentioned in your paper should have a reference list citation. Since many short stories appear in anthologies or as a collection of short stories, use the same guidelines that APA dictates for these types of books.

In APA format, the author is listed at the beginning of the citation; write the author’s last name, followed by a comma and a space, and end with the author’s first initial and a period. Next, place the year of publication in parentheses, followed by a period. Write the title of the short story without quotation marks or other formatting, and place a period at the end. Write “In” -- without quotation marks -- followed by the book title, which should be italicized, and a period. All titles in APA style use capitalization only for the first letter of the first word of the title. Include the page range in parentheses by writing “pp.” -- with no quotation marks -- and the page numbers. Finish the citation with the publisher location, a colon, and the publisher’s name.

A reference list citation for a short story in a collection would look like this:

Bender, A. (2013). Tiger mending. In The color master (pp. 27-36). New York: Doubleday.

Citations from Anthologies

If the story came from an anthology, you need to include the editor of the anthology as well as the original publication date of the story. A sample citation would appear:

Cather, W. (2012). Paul’s case. In B. Lawn (Ed.), 40 short stories: A portable anthology (pp. 52-63). New York: Bedford. (Original work published 1905)

Note the editor’s first initial and last name, followed by Ed. placed inside parentheses. There is no period after the “Original work published” date. Also, capitalize the first letter of the first word of any subtitles after a colon, as found in “A portable anthology.”

Citing Web-Based Stories

If you obtain a short story from a website, you can use the same format as a print source, but you must include the URL of the source in place of the publisher’s location and name. The first letter of each word in the online magazine’s title is capitalized. The publication date also includes the month and day, when they're available.

This is one example of how to cite a short story published in an online magazine:

Saunders, G. (2011, October 31). Tenth of december. The New Yorker . Retrieved from http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/31/tenth-of-december

In addition to a reference list, you must include parenthetical citations in the text of your paper. APA style uses an author-date citation. For example, write (Bender, 2013) at the end of a sentence referencing the short story material. Notice the comma between the author’s last name and date. The period at the end of your sentence will go after the in-text citation.

Need help with a citation? Try our citation generator .

• Purdue Online Writing Lab: APA Style Workshop
• Purdue Online Writing Lab: Reference List -- Books
• APA Style Blog: How to Cite an Anthology or Collected Works
• Purdue Online Writing Lab: Reference List -- Electronic Sources
• Purdue Online Writing Lab: In-Text Citations -- Author/Authors

Cara Batema is a musician, teacher and writer who specializes in early childhood, special needs and psychology. Since 2010, Batema has been an active writer in the fields of education, parenting, science and health. She holds a bachelor's degree in music therapy and creative writing.

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Engl 184: the short story.

• Literary Terms & Short Story Selection
• Searching for Print Sources
• In-text Citation
• Citing Articles
• Citing Books
• Citing Web Pages and Social Media
• Other formats

Using In-text Citation

Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list.

MLA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the page number from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken, for example: (Smith 163). If the source does not use page numbers, do not include a number in the parenthetical citation: (Smith).

Example paragraph with in-text citation

A few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech (Derwing et al. 246; Thomas 15). Their training techniques are based on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech. Derwing and others conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program (258).

Derwing, Tracey M., et al. "Teaching Native Speakers to Listen to Foreign-accented Speech." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, vol. 23, no. 4, 2002, pp. 245-259.

Thomas, Holly K.  Training Strategies for Improving Listeners' Comprehension of Foreign-accented Speech. University of Colorado, Boulder, 2004.

Citing Web Pages In Text

Cite web pages in text as you would any other source, using the author if known. If the author is not known, use the title as the in-text citation.

Your in-text citation should lead your reader to the corresponding entry in the reference list. Below are examples of using in-text citation with web pages.

Entire website with author: In-text citation Parents play an important role in helping children learn techniques for coping with bullying (Kraiser).

Reference entry Kraizer, Sherryll. Safe Child. Coalition for Children, 2011, www.safechild.org.

Web page with no author: In-text citation The term Nittany Lion was coined by Penn State football player Joe Mason in 1904 ("All Things Nittany").

Reference entry "All Things Nittany." About Penn State. Penn State University, 2006, www.psu.edu/ur/about/nittanymascot.html.

General Guidelines

In MLA style the author's name can be included either in the narrative text of your paper, or in parentheses following the reference to the source.

Author's name part of narrative:

Gass and Varonis found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic (163).

Author's name in parentheses:

One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic (Gass and Varonis 163).

Group as author: (American Psychological Association 123)

Multiple works: (separate each work with semi-colons)

Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of accented speech in general (Gass and Varonis 143; Thomas 24).

Direct quote:

One study found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (Gass and Varonis 85).

Gass and Varonis found that “the listener’s familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (85).

Note: For quotations that are more than four lines of prose or three lines of verse, display quotations as an indented block of text (one inch from left margin) and omit quotation marks. Place your parenthetical citation at the end of the block of text, after the final punctuation mark.

In addition to awareness-raising, practicing listening to accented speech has been shown to improve listening comprehension. This article recommends developing listening training programs for library faculty and staff, based on research from the linguistics and language teaching fields. Even brief exposure to accented speech can help listeners improve their comprehension, thereby improving the level of service to international patrons. (O'Malley 19)

Works by Multiple Authors

When citing works by multiple authors, always spell out the word "and." When a source has three or more authors, only the first one shown in the source is normally given followed by et al.

One author: (Field 399)

Works Cited entry: Field, John. "Intelligibility and the Listener: The Role of Lexical Stress." TESOL Quarterly , vol. 39, no. 3, 2005, pp. 399-423.

Two authors: (Gass and Varonis 67)

Works Cited entry: Gass, Susan, and Evangeline M. Varonis. "The Effect of Familiarity on the Comprehensibility of Nonnative Speech." Language Learning , vol. 34, no. 1, 1984, pp. 65-89.

Three or more authors: (Munro et al. 70)

Works Cited entry: Munro, Murray J., et al. "Salient Accents, Covert Attitudes: Consciousness-raising for Pre-service Second Language Teachers." Prospect , vol. 21, no. 1, 2006, pp. 67-79.

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How to Cite a Short Story in MLA: Fast Way to Cite Your Favourite Stories

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When writing an academic essay, you can use various sources of information, inclusding short stories. 

To cite a short story in MLA format in your Works Cited, include the author's name, title of the short story in quotation marks, title of the collection or anthology in italics, name(s) of the editor(s), publisher, and year of publication. In-text, include the author's last name and page number(s) in parentheses after the quotation or paraphrased information. If the short story was accessed online, add the URL and date of access to the Works Cited entry.

There are several versions of short story citations depending on the source it is retrieved from.  Keep reading this article by our  college essay service  to see general structure for each citation along with practical examples.

Why Do You Need a Short Story MLA Citation?

Short story MLA citation is pretty useful! This material contains a brief and accurate plot with in-depth quotations and ideas that you can cite. But often, students ask themselves if they actually should include them cited within their work. And we absolutely encourage you to take advantage of it and provide an accurate citation of short stories. Each humanities work is rendered by MLA style specifically created for citation within this area. Additionally, it provides particular format rules each student should stick to.

MLA Short Story Citation: Printed Edition

MLA citation for short story involves entry elements incorporated within Works Cited and in-text citation. Short stories are typically gathered in a printed book or journal that should be cited too. Accordingly, such information as author and editor names, published date, title, and book/ journal title is presented within Works Cited. Keep following the next sections and learn applicable formulas.

How to Cite a Short Story in a Book in MLA

MLA citation short story in book discloses the principles of citing it from a book collection containing print information. Thus, more than a tale's title should be provided in the reference list and somehow within a text of paper. The general formula of bibliography is as follows:

If your story is not short and it is a Shakespeare masterpiece, for example, do not worry. Go to our library and find a blog about MLA citing Shakespeare . 

How to MLA Cite a Short Story in a Journal

On the other hand, such a source is often searched in journals, and you should provide a short story from a journal in MLA. An entry structure is quite the same with a difference in Journal Title. Thus, the general format looks like this:

If you need to cite journal article MLA , follow another guide. We prepared a special blog that will help you with this kind of citation.

MLA Citation for Short Story: Online Edition

Many sources are available in the network environment, and you can cite a short story online MLA. It is very convenient as you mustn't go to libraries and look for printed books. This way, the formula is different in some entry elements like website name and URL address. Accordingly, the general structure takes the following look:

It is a good idea to cite an interview in your work. Fortunately, we have a special well-detailed blog. It explains  how to cite an interview MLA .

Final Thoughts on Citing a Short Story in MLA

Whatever relevant information you find for your writing, now you know how to cite a short story MLA. You shouldn't limit yourself in sources because you don't know how to deal with a citation. Our article is created for you to succeed in your academic performance and help to provide quality work. MLA style is perfect for writing essays and citing short stories you find necessary to include within your paperwork. 

Check out our essay writing website for worthy insights! Our academic assistants will help you with anything, from simple advice to writing essays for you.

Emma Flores knows all about formatting standards. She shares with StudyCrumb readers tips on creating academic papers that will meet high-quality standards.

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• The Basics of In-Text Citation | APA & MLA Examples

The Basics of In-Text Citation | APA & MLA Examples

Published on March 14, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on February 28, 2024.

An in-text citation is a short acknowledgement you include whenever you quote or take information from a source in academic writing. It points the reader to the source so they can see where you got your information.

In-text citations most commonly take the form of short parenthetical statements indicating the author and publication year of the source, as well as the page number if relevant.

We also offer a free citation generator and in-depth guides to the main citation styles.

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What are in-text citations for, when do you need an in-text citation, types of in-text citation, frequently asked questions about in-text citations.

The point of an in-text citation is to show your reader where your information comes from. Including citations:

• Avoids plagiarism by acknowledging the original author’s contribution
• Allows readers to verify your claims and do follow-up research
• Shows you are engaging with the literature of your field

Academic writing is seen as an ongoing conversation among scholars, both within and between fields of study. Showing exactly how your own research draws on and interacts with existing sources is essential to keeping this conversation going.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

An in-text citation should be included whenever you quote or paraphrase a source in your text.

Quoting means including the original author’s words directly in your text, usually introduced by a signal phrase . Quotes should always be cited (and indicated with quotation marks), and you should include a page number indicating where in the source the quote can be found.

Paraphrasing means putting information from a source into your own words. In-text citations are just as important here as with quotes, to avoid the impression you’re taking credit for someone else’s ideas. Include page numbers where possible, to show where the information can be found.

However, to avoid over-citation, bear in mind that some information is considered common knowledge and doesn’t need to be cited. For example, you don’t need a citation to prove that Paris is the capital city of France, and including one would be distracting.

Different types of in-text citation are used in different citation styles . They always direct the reader to a reference list giving more complete information on each source.

Author-date citations (used in APA , Harvard , and Chicago author-date ) include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number when available. Author-page citations (used in MLA ) are the same except that the year is not included.

Both types are divided into parenthetical and narrative citations. In a parenthetical citation , the author’s name appears in parentheses along with the rest of the information. In a narrative citation , the author’s name appears as part of your sentence, not in parentheses.

Note: Footnote citations like those used in Chicago notes and bibliography are sometimes also referred to as in-text citations, but the citation itself appears in a note separate from the text.

An in-text citation is an acknowledgement you include in your text whenever you quote or paraphrase a source. It usually gives the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number of the relevant text. In-text citations allow the reader to look up the full source information in your reference list and see your sources for themselves.

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.

• APA Style is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.
• MLA style is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.
• Chicago notes and bibliography style is also popular in the humanities, especially history.
• Chicago author-date style tends to be used in the sciences.

Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.

The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.

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Caulfield, J. (2024, February 28). The Basics of In-Text Citation | APA & MLA Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 2, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/in-text-citation-styles/

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APA 7th Edition Citations Guide - Maple Woods

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A Work (e.g., essay, short story) in an Anthology or Compilation

When you are citing a work from an anthology, you will treat the work as being republished and not reprinted.  Consult section 9.40 in the APA Style Guide for more information.

Author of Work Within Book Last Name, First initial. (Publication year of the anthology). Title of the particular story/chapter/essay/poem. In Editor             first initial. Last name (Ed.),  Title of the anthology ( pp. of chapter/essay/poem). Publisher. URL or DOI, if available (Original work published             XXXX)                      

Note:  The reference list entry for a republished or reissued work should contain information about the new publication that was used. Follow the new publication information with the year the work was originally published in parentheses using the following format:  (Original work published XXXX)

Frost, R. (2006).The road not taken. In J. Parini (Ed.), T he Wadsworth anthology of poetry ( p. 598). Cengage Learning. (Original work published 1916)          

Parenthetical Citation: (Frost, 1916/2006)

Narrative Citation: Frost (1916/2006)

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MLA 9 Citation Style: Work in an Anthology or Edited Book

• Textbook With One Author
• Textbook With Two Authors
• Textbook With Three or More Authors
• Textbook as an Anthology or Edited Book
• Textbook Work Within an Anthology or Edited Book
• Textbook Two or More from an Anthology or Edited Book
• Textbook with One Author (Mobile)
• Textbook with Two Authors (Mobile)
• Textbook with Three or More Authors (Mobile)
• Textbook as an Anthology or Edited Book (Mobile)
• Textbook Work Within an Anthology or Edited Book (Mobile)
• Textbook Two or More from an Anthology or Edited Book (Mobile)
• Two Authors
• Three or More Authors
• Anthology or Edited Book
• Work in an Anthology or Edited Book
• Two or More Selections from the Same Anthology or Edited Book
• Journal Article (Print)
• Journal Article (Online)
• Newspaper Articles (Print)
• Newspaper Articles (Online)
• Database Article with One Author
• Database Article with Two Authors
• Database Article with More Than Three Authors
• Database Previously Published Scholarly Article (Blooms, MasterPlots, Literary Reference Center)
• Online Government Publication
• Website with an Author’s/Contributor’s Name
• Website with No Author’s/Contributor’s Name
• Web Page with Author
• Web Page with No Author’s/Contributor’s Name
• Art – From a Book
• Art – From a Web Page
• Picture/Photo Online -- General
• Motion Picture -- DVD
• Motion Picture -- Streaming
• Video -- Online (YouTube, etc.)
• An Interview You Conducted
• Lecture Notes, PowerPoints, or Handouts from Class
• In-Text Citations
• Works Cited Page
• Popular vs. Scholarly Sources
• Direct Quotes, Paraphrasing, Summarizing

MLA Citation -- Work in an Anthology or Edited Book

Works Cited Format

Last name of author, First name of author. “Title of the Part of the Book Being Cited.” Title of Anthology .

     Edited by First and Last Names, edition * (if any), Publisher, Date, Page(s).

In-Text Citation Format 

(Editor’s Last Name p. # * )

* Please note, the in-text citation should be just the number itself and should not include the p., as in the example below.

Works Cited Example

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. “The Yellow Wallpaper.” Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing . Edited by Laurie G.

     Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell, Compact 9 th ed. * , Cengage Learning, 2017, pp. 379-391.

In-Text Citation Example 

(Gilman 381)

*Sometimes the edition may include a qualifier, such as shorter edition or portable edition . When citing an anthology itself, you should include the qualifier before the edition number. For example: Compact 9 th ed.

A Word About Punctuation

The punctuation in your citations does matter.  Make sure you pay attention to where the periods and commas are in the examples. 

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😕 What is an MLA Citation Generator?

An MLA citation generator is a software tool designed to automatically create academic citations in the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format. The generator will take information such as document titles, author, and URLs as in input, and output fully formatted citations that can be inserted into the Works Cited page of an MLA-compliant academic paper.

The citations on a Works Cited page show the external sources that were used to write the main body of the academic paper, either directly as references and quotes, or indirectly as ideas.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an MLA Citation Generator?

MLA style is most often used by middle school and high school students in preparation for transition to college and further education. Ironically, MLA style is not actually used all that often beyond middle and high school, with APA (American Psychological Association) style being the favored style at colleges across the country.

It is also important at this level to learn why it's critical to cite sources, not just how to cite them.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Writing citations manually is time consuming and error prone. Automating this process with a citation generator is easy, straightforward, and gives accurate results. It's also easier to keep citations organized and in the correct order.

The Works Cited page contributes to the overall grade of a paper, so it is important to produce accurately formatted citations that follow the guidelines in the official MLA Handbook .

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's MLA Citation Generator?

It's super easy to create MLA style citations with our MLA Citation Generator. Scroll back up to the generator at the top of the page and select the type of source you're citing. Books, journal articles, and webpages are all examples of the types of sources our generator can cite automatically. Then either search for the source, or enter the details manually in the citation form.

The generator will produce a formatted MLA citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall Works Cited page (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for MLA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Zotero and Zotero Bib

In your time at Harvard, you'll hear more than one librarian suggest that you use Zotero, a "citation management tool."  Zotero will be great for big projects that require you to keep track of many sources -- semester-long research assignments, capstone projects that are research heavy, and senior theses, for example.

Next semester, or next year, you might want to graduate into using  Zotero  itself.  It will take the process of collecting and organizing sources and  incorporating footnotes or in-text citations to the next level. 

In the meantime,   we recommend you generate citations with   ZoteroBib . 

It's more reliable than the internal HOLLIS citation generator and you don't need an account or special software to use it.  Some of its handy features are  described on this page .

A good guide to  Zotero itself, if you're interested, is available here:  https://guides.library.harvard.edu/zotero

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Book Citations / Learn how to cite “Notes on ‘Camp’” by Susan Sontag

Learn how to cite “Notes on ‘Camp’” by Susan Sontag

Learn how to create in-text citations and a full citation/reference/note for Notes on ‘Camp’ by Susan Sontag using the examples below. Notes on Camp  is cited in 14 different citation styles, including MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, APA, ACS, and many others.

If you are looking for additional help, try the EasyBib citation generator .

Popular Citation Styles

Here are Notes on Camp   citations for five popular citation styles: MLA, APA, Chicago (notes-bibliography), Chicago (author-date), and Harvard style.

Additional Styles

Here are Notes on Camp   citations for 14 popular citation styles including Turabian style, the American Medical Association (AMA) style, the Council of Science Editors (CSE) style, IEEE, and more.

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MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications)

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. This resource, updated to reflect the MLA Handbook (9 th ed.), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page.

The MLA Handbook highlights principles over prescriptive practices. Essentially, a writer will need to take note of primary elements in every source, such as author, title, etc. and then assort them in a general format. Thus, by using this methodology, a writer will be able to cite any source regardless of whether it’s included in this list.

However, this guide will highlight a few concerns when citing digital sources in MLA style.

Best Practices for Managing Online Sources

Because online information can change or disappear, it is always a good idea to keep personal copies of important electronic information whenever possible. Downloading or even printing key documents ensures you have a stable backup. You can also use the Bookmark function in your web browser in order to build an easy-to-access reference for all of your project's sources (though this will not help you if the information is changed or deleted).

It is also wise to keep a record of when you first consult with each online source. MLA uses the phrase, “Accessed” to denote which date you accessed the web page when available or necessary. It is not required to do so, but it is encouraged (especially when there is no copyright date listed on a website).

Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA

Include a URL or web address to help readers locate your sources. Because web addresses are not static (i.e., they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the web (e.g., on multiple databases), MLA encourages the use of citing containers such as Youtube, JSTOR, Spotify, or Netflix in order to easily access and verify sources. However, MLA only requires the www. address, so eliminate all https:// when citing URLs.

Many scholarly journal articles found in databases include a DOI (digital object identifier). If a DOI is available, cite the DOI number instead of the URL.

Online newspapers and magazines sometimes include a “permalink,” which is a shortened, stable version of a URL. Look for a “share” or “cite this” button to see if a source includes a permalink. If you can find a permalink, use that instead of a URL.

Abbreviations Commonly Used with Electronic Sources

If page numbers are not available, use par. or pars. to denote paragraph numbers. Use these in place of the p. or pp. abbreviation. Par. would be used for a single paragraph, while pars. would be used for a span of two or more paragraphs.

Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources (Including Online Databases)

Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style. Not every web page will provide all of the following information. However, collect as much of the following information as possible:

• Author and/or editor names (if available); last names first.
• "Article name in quotation marks."
• Title of the website, project, or book in italics.
• Any version numbers available, including editions (ed.), revisions, posting dates, volumes (vol.), or issue numbers (no.).
• Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date.
• Take note of any page numbers (p. or pp.) or paragraph numbers (par. or pars.).
• DOI (if available, precede it with "https://doi.org/"), otherwise a URL (without the https://) or permalink.
• Date you accessed the material (Date Accessed). While not required, saving this information it is highly recommended, especially when dealing with pages that change frequently or do not have a visible copyright date.

Use the following format:

Author. "Title." Title of container (self contained if book) , Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs and/or URL, DOI or permalink). 2 nd container’s title , Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).

Citing an Entire Web Site

When citing an entire website, follow the same format as listed above, but include a compiler name if no single author is available.

Author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), DOI (preferred), otherwise include a URL or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site . Version number, Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL, DOI or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites . The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. Accessed 23 Apr. 2008.

Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory . Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/. Accessed 10 May 2006.

Course or Department Websites

Give the instructor name. Then list the title of the course (or the school catalog designation for the course) in italics. Give appropriate department and school names as well, following the course title.

Felluga, Dino. Survey of the Literature of England . Purdue U, Aug. 2006, web.ics.purdue.edu/~felluga/241/241/Home.html. Accessed 31 May 2007.

English Department . Purdue U, 20 Apr. 2009, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/. Accessed 31 May 2015.

A Page on a Web Site

For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by an indication of the specific page or article being referenced. Usually, the title of the page or article appears in a header at the top of the page. Follow this with the information covered above for entire Web sites. If the publisher is the same as the website name, only list it once.

Lundman, Susan. “How to Make Vegetarian Chili.”  eHow , www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.

“ Athlete's Foot - Topic Overview. ”   WebMD , 25 Sept. 2014, www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/athletes-foot-topic-overview.

Citations for e-books closely resemble those for physical books. Simply indicate that the book in question is an e-book by putting the term "e-book" in the "version" slot of the MLA template (i.e., after the author, the title of the source, the title of the container, and the names of any other contributors).

Silva, Paul J.  How to Write a Lot: A Practical Guide to Productive Academic Writing. E-book, American Psychological Association, 2007.

If the e-book is formatted for a specific reader device or service, you can indicate this by treating this information the same way you would treat a physical book's edition number. Often, this will mean replacing "e-book" with "[App/Service] ed."

Machiavelli, Niccolo.  The Prince , translated by W. K. Marriott, Kindle ed., Library of Alexandria, 2018.

Note:  The MLA considers the term "e-book" to refer to publications formatted specifically for reading with an e-book reader device (e.g., a Kindle) or a corresponding web application. These e-books will not have URLs or DOIs. If you are citing book content from an ordinary webpage with a URL, use the "A Page on a Web Site" format above.

An Image (Including a Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph)

Provide the artist's name, the work of art italicized, the date of creation, the institution and city where the work is housed. Follow this initial entry with the name of the Website in italics, and the date of access.

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV . 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo Nacional del Prado , www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-family-of-carlos-iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-71759e417e74. Accessed 22 May 2006.

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine . 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive , www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.

If the work cited is available on the web only, then provide the name of the artist, the title of the work, and then follow the citation format for a website. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author.

Adams, Clifton R. “People Relax Beside a Swimming Pool at a Country Estate Near Phoenix, Arizona, 1928.” Found, National Geographic Creative, 2 June 2016, natgeofound.tumblr.com/.

An Article in a Web Magazine

Provide the author name, article name in quotation marks, title of the web magazine in italics, publisher name, publication date, URL, and the date of access.

Bernstein, Mark. “ 10 Tips on Writing the Living Web. ”   A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites , 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.

An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal

For all online scholarly journals, provide the author(s) name(s), the name of the article in quotation marks, the title of the publication in italics, all volume and issue numbers, and the year of publication. Include a DOI if available, otherwise provide a URL or permalink to help readers locate the source.

Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal

MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals. If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (i.e. there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers, indicate the URL or other location information.

Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.

Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print

Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print, including the page range of the article . Provide the URL and the date of access.

Wheelis, Mark. “ Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. ”   Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.

An Article from an Online Database (or Other Electronic Subscription Service)

Cite online databases (e.g. LexisNexis, ProQuest, JSTOR, ScienceDirect) and other subscription services as containers. Thus, provide the title of the database italicized before the DOI or URL. If a DOI is not provided, use the URL instead. Provide the date of access if you wish.

Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. “ Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates. ”   Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library , https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20155. Accessed 26 May 2009.

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest , https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.

E-mail (including E-mail Interviews)

Give the author of the message, followed by the subject line in quotation marks. State to whom the message was sent with the phrase, “Received by” and the recipient’s name. Include the date the message was sent. Use standard capitalization.

Kunka, Andrew. “ Re: Modernist Literature. ”  Received by John Watts, 15 Nov. 2000.

Neyhart, David. “ Re: Online Tutoring. ” Received by Joe Barbato, 1 Dec. 2016.

A Listserv, Discussion Group, or Blog Posting

Cite web postings as you would a standard web entry. Provide the author of the work, the title of the posting in quotation marks, the web site name in italics, the publisher, and the posting date. Follow with the date of access. Include screen names as author names when author name is not known. If both names are known, place the author’s name in brackets.

Author or compiler name (if available). “Posting Title.” Name of Site , Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), URL. Date of access.

Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez]. “Re: Best Strategy: Fenced Pastures vs. Max Number of Rooms?” BoardGameGeek , 29 Sept. 2008, boardgamegeek.com/thread/343929/best-strategy-fenced-pastures-vs-max-number-rooms. Accessed 5 Apr. 2009.

Begin with the user's Twitter handle in place of the author’s name. Next, place the tweet in its entirety in quotations, inserting a period after the tweet within the quotations. Include the date and time of posting, using the reader's time zone; separate the date and time with a comma and end with a period. Include the date accessed if you deem necessary.

@tombrokaw. “ SC demonstrated why all the debates are the engines of this campaign. ”   Twitter, 22 Jan. 2012, 3:06 a.m., twitter.com/tombrokaw/status/160996868971704320.

@PurdueWLab. “ Spring break is around the corner, and all our locations will be open next week. ”   Twitter , 5 Mar. 2012, 12:58 p.m., twitter.com/PurdueWLab/status/176728308736737282.

A YouTube Video

Video and audio sources need to be documented using the same basic guidelines for citing print sources in MLA style. Include as much descriptive information as necessary to help readers understand the type and nature of the source you are citing. If the author’s name is the same as the uploader, only cite the author once. If the author is different from the uploader, cite the author’s name before the title.

McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.” YouTube , uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E.

“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.

A Comment on a Website or Article

List the username as the author. Use the phrase, Comment on, before the title. Use quotation marks around the article title. Name the publisher, date, time (listed on near the comment), and the URL.

Not Omniscient Enough. Comment on “ Flight Attendant Tells Passenger to ‘Shut Up’ After Argument Over Pasta. ”  ABC News, 9 Jun 2016, 4:00 p.m., abcnews.go.com/US/flight-attendant-tells-passenger-shut-argument-pasta/story?id=39704050.

To cite a short story from an edited collection, after giving the author and title of the story, list the title of the book, the editor (s), the publisher, the year, and the page range on which the story appears. MLA format. Author last name, First name. " Story Title .".

Cite a Short Story in a Book MLA. MLA essay citations come in all shapes and sizes, but a common one is citing a short story from a book. These short stories all have the same author and are part of a large collection like "The Collected Autobiographies of Maya Angelou." Since these short stories are all by Maya Angelou, she's your listed ...

Works may include an essay in an edited collection or anthology, or a chapter of a book. The basic form is for this sort of citation is as follows: Last name, First name. "Title of Essay." Title of Collection, edited by Editor's Name (s), Publisher, Year, Page range of entry. Some examples: Harris, Muriel.

1. Start your Works Cited entry with the author's name. Provide the last name of the author of the short story, followed by a comma and the author's first name. Include a middle name or initial if they are commonly used. Place a period after the author's first name.

In-text citations: Author-page style. MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number (s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author's name may appear either in the ...

1. Begin the citation with the author's last and first name. Note the author of the short story in the citation, placing a comma between their last and first name. If there are multiple authors, use "and" to separate their names. [5] For example, you may write, "O'Connor, Flannery" or "Erdrich, Louise, and Diaz, Junot.".

If you are citing a chapter from a book that has an editor, the author of the chapter is listed first, and is the name listed in the in-text citation. ... Note: The author listed at the beginning of the citation is the author of the chapter, short story, or essay. Works Cited List Example : Ross, Colin. "The Story of Grey Owl."

In academic writing, it is crucial to cite short stories properly to maintain academic integrity and avoid plagiarism.The MLA style guide (Modern Language Association) has specific formatting rules for this. In MLA, specific components such as the author's name, the story title within quotation marks, the anthology title in italics, and other details regarding publication like the page ...

When you are citing one work from a book in the text of your paper and the book has many different authors, you will list the information about that work (critical essay, short story from an anthology, etc) first. Format: Author of Work Within Book Last Name, First Name. "Title of Shorter Work."

Type the city of publication, a colon, the name of the publishing company, a comma, and the year, followed by a period. Give the page numbers on which the story appears with a period at the end. Finally, include the medium of publication, such as "Print" (without the quotation marks), followed by a period. Your citation should look like this:

In APA format, the author is listed at the beginning of the citation; write the author's last name, followed by a comma and a space, and end with the author's first initial and a period. Next, place the year of publication in parentheses, followed by a period. Write the title of the short story without quotation marks or other formatting ...

Cite web pages in text as you would any other source, using the author if known. If the author is not known, use the title as the in-text citation. Your in-text citation should lead your reader to the corresponding entry in the reference list. Below are examples of using in-text citation with web pages. Entire website with author:

When writing an academic essay, you can use various sources of information, inclusding short stories. To cite a short story in MLA format in your Works Cited, include the author's name, title of the short story in quotation marks, title of the collection or anthology in italics, name(s) of the editor(s), publisher, and year of publication.

Quotes should always be cited (and indicated with quotation marks), and you should include a page number indicating where in the source the quote can be found. Example: Quote with APA Style in-text citation. Evolution is a gradual process that "can act only by very short and slow steps" (Darwin, 1859, p. 510).

Create manual citation. The guidelines for citing an essay in MLA format are similar to those for citing a chapter in a book. Include the author of the essay, the title of the essay, the name of the collection if the essay belongs to one, the editor of the collection or other contributors, the publication information, and the page number (s).

A Work (e.g., essay, short story) in an Anthology or Compilation. When you are citing a work from an anthology, you will treat the work as being republished and not reprinted. ... Parenthetical Citation: (Frost, 1916/2006) Narrative Citation: Frost (1916/2006) Ex << Previous: Books - with Editors or Translators;

Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented 1/2 inch from the left margin while maintaining double-spacing. Your parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. (You should maintain double-spacing throughout your essay.)

In-Text Citation Format (Editor's Last Name p. # *) * Please note, the in-text citation should be just the number itself and should not include the p., as in the example below. Works Cited Example . Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper." Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. Edited by Laurie G.

Scroll back up to the generator at the top of the page and select the type of source you're citing. Books, journal articles, and webpages are all examples of the types of sources our generator can cite automatically. Then either search for the source, or enter the details manually in the citation form. The generator will produce a formatted MLA ...

In your time at Harvard, you'll hear more than one librarian suggest that you use Zotero, a "citation management tool." Zotero will be great for big projects that require you to keep track of many sources -- semester-long research assignments, capstone projects that are research heavy, and senior theses, for example.

Citation Generator. Learn how to create in-text citations and a full citation/reference/note for Notes on 'Camp' by Susan Sontag using the examples below. Notes on Camp is cited in 14 different citation styles, including MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, APA, ACS, and many others. If you are looking for additional help, try the EasyBib citation ...

Note: The MLA considers the term "e-book" to refer to publications formatted specifically for reading with an e-book reader device (e.g., a Kindle) or a corresponding web application.These e-books will not have URLs or DOIs. If you are citing book content from an ordinary webpage with a URL, use the "A Page on a Web Site" format above.

yacht brand zut

Best Luxury Yacht Brands: 25 Shipyards Which Build The Best Superyachts

By Brody Patterson

Updated on January 14, 2023

The superyacht industry is a world that offers you luxurious adventures around the globe, from the United States, all the way to the UK, Netherlands, Germany, or the beautiful Italian coast. From the crystal clear waters of the Caribbean to the Mediterranean, these stunning yachts are built by highly skilled professionals, who provide you with nothing but the best craftsmanship.

As a potential yacht owner, you can get inspiration from any of these companies and choose what is best suited to your needs. There is so much to take into consideration, hence we compiled a detailed list of the 25 best yacht building companies in the world to help you out.

For example, you need to figure out first what size yacht you want, as they range from 30-50 feet vessels, all the way to the larger than 260 feet superyachts, and everything in between. Are Eco-friendly details important to you, or is cutting-edge technology and speed an absolute must to you?

We will do our best to cover all these points and more, so let’s start looking at the best yacht brands in the world right now. 

One of the best yacht brands in the 30-50’ range, Wally is an Italian company that specializes in fast motor yachts, but they’re also buiding gorgeous sailing vessels. For those of you who enjoy speed, you will be happy to hear that most of their yachts are made out of angular carbon composite and fiberglass, which enables you to blast through the waves.

Not so much for leisurely cruising, their 36-meter superyacht has luxurious accommodations for up to six guests and six crew members. Its prowess is due to the three Vericor TF50 gas turbines, which have a total power output of 16,800 hp. With its 60 knots top speed, it is one of the fastest yachts in the world.

Founded in 1842 on Lake Iseo of Italy, Riva quickly became a racing yacht legend, and it has upheld its reputation since. One of the best cruising yachts in the world in the 30-50 feet category, Riva offers sleek looks and impressive performance.

Solid stainless steel bow rails, an 800 hp engine, a 13-foot beam, and a 3-foot draft along a non-skid deck make this a very desirable vessel. Customizable to your tastes, you can cruise the waters in style.

Aesthetic appeal along with classic Italian design makes this company one of the most sought after. The Italian shipyard develops innovative solutions like crafting hybrid engines and using nanotechnologies, which make the long-lasting coatings on their vessels have a lower impact on marine life.

Equipped with options such as Twin Gens, Twin Watermakers, Stabilizers, Bow Thrusters and powered by DDEC 12V92’s with Ulstein forward-facing drives, the Grande 35 Metri reaches 25.5-knot max speeds. A stylish, yet competitive yacht.

• 22. Dynamiq

An Italian superyacht brand located on the Tuscan coast, with yachts engineered to the highest standards set by naval architects in the Netherlands. Designed in Monaco, Dynamiq’s vessels will surely meet the needs of the forward thinkers in the yacht building industry. Some of the options available are hybrid technology, with chic and efficient features that are easy to customize.

Ranging from 90 to 165 feet, you can build your own vessel according to your needs. Not only do they look impressive with their cool design, but they also offer you great performance. Impressive specs such as the aluminum hull, with a range that varies from 900nm at 15 knots all the way up to 5000nm at 10 knots and two engines Man at 882 kW.

• 21. Sunreef

Leading the world of catamaran yacht brands, the company produces its signature models, 60 to 100 feet vessels, along with the supreme models and the 150-210 feet power trimarans superyachts. Their shipyard is located in Gdansk, Poland, a seafaring city rich in naval building traditions.

They are also known for building eco-friendly electric engines that are great for the environment with their innovative propulsion solutions. Their sustainable materials feature basalt and linen-based structures in the production of their hulls, superstructures, and yacht manufacturing.

• 20. Ferretti

Another famed Italian shipyard is innovative with its human interface, which makes their vessels super easy to use. Ferretti’s fleet varies from the 500 to the 1000 projects, but they are all designed with your wellbeing and comfort in mind. You can choose from different mood palettes for your interiors, such as classic or contemporary.

Their MTU engine, with a cruising speed of 20 knots and a max speed of 24 knots, along with many other impressive specs, makes this brand an experience that embodies luxurious style and performance in one.

• 19. Fincantieri

Fincantieri has a network of 18 shipyards across four continents, two design centers, and a research center, and throughout their 230-year history they have built more than 7,000 vessels. If that is not impressive enough, they will surely convince you with their luxury yachts, designed to your pleasure.

High-tech, high quality, and high performance – these would be the features they stand for, and their unique designs are complemented by state-of-the-art technology. Aesthetic perfection along with the best technological expertise in the industry will deliver the luxury you crave.

• 18. Nautor’s Swan

A Finnish yacht brand founded by Pekka Koskenkyla back in 1966, they specialize in high-performance sailing yachts . Beautiful wood interiors are their signature touch, and their high-tech amenities are up-to-date in order to keep up with a very competitive industry.

Their fiberglass material has brought them to the top in the racing sailboats category, along with the ingenuity of Sparkman & Stephens. They eventually partnered with German Frers Design, who is responsible for many of their Swan designs.

• 17. Sanlorenzo

Ranked in the top three over 80-feet yachts builders in their category, Sanlorenzo has introduced a variety of new yachts in the last couple of years. Their signature light-blue steel hull is predominant in all their models, such as the SL102 Asymmetric yacht, or their 171-foot custom Seven Sins.

Among other designs worth mentioning are their new additions SX112, 164-foot 500EXP Ocean Dreamwalker lll, or the 210-foot 64Steel. One thing they all have in common is that they cater to the American lifestyle.

• 16. Rossinavi

Rossinavi has worked with some of the world’s best designers available to come up with unique and futuristic designs. Some of their most popular superyachts in the last few years have got to be 160-foot Endeavour ll and the 161-foot Aurora. Achille Salvagni is responsible for both designs, but they are quite different from one another.

The Alfa 50, with its sleek modern look, was designed by Enrico Gobbi. Pininfarina, who has put their signature touch on Ferrari, has unveiled some of Rossinavi’s new concepts, which make them stand out from other brands.

• 15. Baglietto

Another Italian company, they have been around since 1840, when Pietro Baglietto started building wooden fishing ships in his backyard. He expanded his company by manufacturing boats for kings and popes, and in 1906 built his first combustion engine.

Eventually, the company was saved from bankruptcy by the Gavio Group and they got a facelift with the introduction of their new model line, which ranges from 43 to 230 feet yachts. Their Silver Fox, which was launched in 2018, is designed by Francesco Paszkowski and it could easily be considered a true work of art.

• 14. Mangusta

The company is owned by the Balducci family and it was started in 1985. They specialize in luxury sports yachts and voyage superyachts, all of which you can customize to your personal tastes. They have built more than 300 yachts in their 34 year career, and they are still going strong.

The Mangusta Oceano, for example, is one of their long-range yachts with ranges up to 5,000 miles. The Mangusta Maxi Open series offers speed, stability and quietness. And their GranSports is a fast-displacement series that covers long distances.

• 13. Princess Yachts

Established in 1965, this British company has grown into a conglomerate with multiple production sites over the years. They build contemporary yachts in seven classes, ranging from open boats to megayachts. Their flagship Imperial Princess, a 131-foot 40M superyacht, has a large interior and lots of natural light.

It is built on the South Yard, which was formerly a 17th century naval yard. Their R35, one of their most innovative models, is built with a foil system which reduces drag and can revolutionize yachting, and was designed by Pininfarina, the same acclaimed design studio that works with Rossinavi as well.

The crown jewel of the Ferretti group, CRN is famous for their landmark Chopi Chopi, a 262-foot megayacht. The different ranges of the military style 180-foot Atlante, the sleek hull of the 239-foot Yalla, or even the high-tech Cloud 9 yacht show the different customizable possibilities from CRN Yachts.

Ferretti invested lots of money into their Ancona Yard, and their tri-deck motor yacht, as well as the Superconero are just some of the upgraded versions of the staples that brought them on the map in the first place.

• 11. Sunseeker

One of the UK’s most important shipyards, Sunseeker manufactures most of its vessels in Poole, Dorset. Their place in the yachting world is secured with four superyacht models ranging from 116 to 161-foot, and their 76 to 100-foot motor yachts. They also manufacture high performance boats, alongside sports and 52 to 744-foot cruise yachts.

It used to only build out of composite, but has since expanded to aluminum with its 161 Yachts. Their ICON expertise, design and market savvy is keeping them competitive in the yachting world.

• 10. Royal Huisman

One of the oldest shipyards from Holland, they have been around since 1884. They have three large facilities, one in Vollenhove, one in Amsterdam, and a third in Emden, where they can build large yachts up to 266 feet. Their fleet is well known for their sailing superyachts Gliss, Antares and Sea Eagle among many others.

The Ngoni, a 190-foot is built with an eclectic interior, and the 184-foot classic Aquarius are some of their popular models. Project Phi is their newest addition to an already solid fleet and the Apex 850 concept will be probably turned into reality too. 

• 9. Perini Navi

Two yards in Italy and a third in Turkey are the places where the newest additions to their line up are being built right now. Restructuring of the company’s management in 2017 resulted in a major refresh of their fleet too. New lines such as the E-volution Yacht series, the Argonaut, Heritage and Voyager are going to be the new focus for Perini Navi.

Sometimes a change is needed, and their new innovations have proven successful. Their hybrid-powered models such as the Eco-tender are built to keep up with the changes necessary for the environment.

• 8. Nobiskrug

Located in Northern Germany, Nobiskrug operates from two facilities which build vessels ranging from 197 to 1,398 feet. The 115 year old company is a pioneer in the superyacht division with their 2000 Tatoosh model. They employ more than 1,000 professionals who excel in the business.

The 262 foot Artefact was launched only last year, and at 2999 GT it is the largest superyacht by volume in the world. It is also the first in the world to meet IMO Tier lll emissions regulations. In-house production of everything from hull construction to mechanical work makes them one of the most diverse and eco-friendly companies in their category.

• 7. Feadship

The famous Dutch company comprises De Vooght Naval Architects, De Vries and Van Lent family yards, with locations in Amsterdam, Aalsmeer, Kaag, and Makkum. Responsible for dozens of custom launches over the last seven decades, they are considered Holland’s powerhouse.

Symphony, a 333-foot pioneer to cross the 100-meter mark, and the 312-foot Faith has its own helicopter pad with hangar on the foredeck, and on the aft deck a glass floor swimming pool. They are just some of their more famous models, they have many others you can research if interested.

One of the best superyacht builders in the world, this Dutch company is based in Vlissingen. Operating for more than 100 years, they offer the Full Custom and Limited Editions, ranging from 108 to 272 foot LOA. The facilities are used for both military and commercial vessels, and they employ the most skilled workers in the industry.

Their most noteworthy launches in the last couple of years are the 243-foot Universe, the 205-foot Sea & US, along the 189-foot Volpini 2. The potential owners are able to customize both interiors and exteriors according to their taste.

One of the oldest and largest superyacht builders in the world, Benetti has been making custom and semi custom builds since 1875. They currently have 97 yachts under build larger than 78 feet. The Ironman, Metis and Spectre are some of their newest additions. The FB277 351-foot gigayacht is currently being under construction at the Livorno yard.

Their Luminosity is believed to be valued at more than 200 million EUR and became one of the top 10 largest Superyachts delivered in 2019. Pretty amazing!

Founded in 1978, this Dutch superyacht brand specializes in custom-made builds. Therefore, their fleet is limited, so there are three different ways to own a Heesen boat. Through the Pure Custom program the buyer can order a unique individual design and engineering.

The Platform Concept program offers custom exterior design but standard engineering, and the third option is to buy a brand new custom superyacht as soon as it is made available for purchase. The Galactica Super Nova is their largest built at 230 feet, and their Maximus, with an open cockpit and a swimming pool with a waterfall is a special yacht someone will surely enjoy.

A fairly young company, this Dutch company based in Alblasserdam has been around since 1987. They specialize in custom expedition yachts ranging from 262 to 459 feet. The builder launched Project Bravo in 2018, which is a fuel efficient and eco-friendly innovative design. Their green technologies are predominant in their newest addition to their fleet.

Their most famous superyachts are the 311-foot Indian Empress and the 300-foot Equanimity. Their Black Pearl, a 350-foot technically advanced designed sailing superyacht stands on its own.

• 2. Abeking & Rasmussen

Successful in setting new technological standards, this family business is located across the river from Lurssen in Germany. They have been the best in the making of naval vessels since 1917, and they also specialize in coast guard and patrol vessels, as well as custom yachts. German engineering at its best, A & R has been an innovative company who is not scared of change.

They are developing a hybrid fuel cell powered by methanol that emits only clean steam, the first hydrocarbon emission free in the world. The Aviva, a 321-foot flagship has its own paddle-tennis court on the premises.

Lürssen is a family business who believes in producing the best quality yachts in the world. Focused on excellence, this German company is another leader in the luxury yachting world. Their eight shipyards located in the northern part of the country have been responsible for building more than 13.000 vessels since 1875.

They do everything from building new yachts, as well as refitting, repairing and providing maintenance services on the premises. The iconic Azzam, the largest superyacht in the world is 590 feet long , is designed with the best quality woodwork and custom furniture inside a high-tech hull.

One thing is certain if you’re in the market for a luxury yacht, you have so many options available right now. The biggest problem will be choosing only one brand to work with when designing your dream yacht.

We hope you got all the inspiration you needed from our list, so happy sailing.

About Brody Patterson

Brody has worked as a full time staff writer for Luxatic for over five years, covering luxury news, product releases and in-depth reviews, and specializing in verticals on the website alongside the tech & leisure section, as well as men's fashion, watches and travel. Learn more about Luxatic's Editorial Process .

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The Sunseeker story began in 1969 when entrepreneurial brothers Robert and John Braithwaite pursued their boat-building passion.

Today, we are the leading brand for luxury performance motor yachts. With seven yacht ranges, we offer the most diverse product portfolio in the world. Each with its own personality, our yachts are engineered with the owner in mind and standing at the helm. The Superyacht, Yacht, Ocean, Manhattan, Predator, Sport Yacht and Performance models all possess a uniqueness with one commonality. Every Sunseeker is the result of an uncompromising approach to design excellence. The pioneering spirit of our founders remains in our DNA with an unrelenting pursuit to surpass expectations.

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The Most Popular Yacht Brands

By Robert Bowman | Posted On Feb 21, 2022 Updated On May 18, 2022

After walking around the Miami Boat Show this week, I had the opportunity to speak with several excited future owners, as well as representatives from many of the shipyards in the 40-foot to 100-foot range. While none of this will come as a surprise to anyone who has been following the trends in yacht sales, there were mixed emotions from everyone as inventory shortages continue and demand remains incredibly strong. As you can imagine, even the most popular yacht brands have not been spared from equipment troubles, material shortages, and shipping delays.

(Keep scrolling down to get to the most popular boat brands by number of sold boats.)

The love and passion for boating that has grown this amazing recreation continues to thrive, while the need for relaxation is more important than ever before. What better way to unwind than on your own personal yacht, enjoying the sun and ocean with your favorite guests! I listened to one couple's plans to take on the Great Loop and had brought with them a list of bridge heights, along with requirements they wanted in a boat for their adventure. They planned on spending over a year on the Loop, taking their time along the way to enjoy each stop. Another gentleman perused over a 58-foot motor yacht with future plans of putting it into a yacht charter program in the Bahamas during season and off the New England Coast in the Summer.

The boating dreams and aspirations were generally the same as previous boat shows, but the sales climate was noticeably different. In some new boat displays, 'SOLD' signs could be seen on every single model on display.

Manufacturers, yacht dealers, and boaters alike all complained about the lack of available inventory - both new and used - with many wait times for new builds 18 months out or more. Fueled by shortages in materials and microchips, along with the incredible uptick in boat sales in the U.S., the current climate is one of quick decisions and fast action. Buyers using a professional yacht broker are more likely to be successful in finding the perfect boat as they can not only watch the market for what becomes available, but they also have knowledge of boats not yet currently advertised.

And for sellers, if there ever were a perfect time to sell your yacht quickly and for potentially over-asking price, it's right now!

Consider these facts for a moment :

• Total U.S. pre-owned sales increased 10% from 2019 to 2021 while the total value increased 57%
• Sales in the 46' to 55' category grew 34%, while the 56' to 79' category grew 38%
• Yacht Sales for the 80'+ category grew 61%
• United Yacht Sales also saw growth of 29% in 2021 , after increasing sales by 31% in 2020 .
• The average boat value, across both power and sail, has increased 40% since pre-pandemic conditions.

A 10% increase in sales is a tremendous surge for an industry that sees nearly $40 billion in sales each year. According to a 2021 market index report from Boats Group, cruising yachts were the most popular type of yacht searched for on the brokerage market. Coming in second place were center-console boats , followed by motor yachts.

"It makes sense that cruisers are the most popular searched for boat," said Captain Jeff Palmer, UYS co-President. "Not only are there more cruising-style boat builders, but the versatility of this design keeps them relevant. People love to go on trips, whether it's to the islands or up the coastline, and the comfortable accommodations they provide are important to the owners." Our team can assist you in determining how much you should spend on a yacht .

( Seen below: A Pershing 62HT is a perfect example of an express cruiser . )

While not a representation of every single boat sold in the marketplace, the below list outlines what boat brands were the most purchased on the brokerage market in 2021 in the United States. If you're looking to sell your boat, whether it's on this list or not, give our main office a call at 1-772-463-3131 to be connected to an expert on the current market.

Here are the most popular boat brands in 2021 *

1. Sea Ray Boats

2. Boston Whaler

3. Grady-White

4. Regal Boats

5. Carver Yachts

*Criteria: U.S. sales only, pre-owned only. Data: Soldboats.com

(Seen below: An excellent example of a pre-owned Sea Ray yacht that is currently listed with United Yacht Sales.)

The brands listed above really come as no surprise as there were simply many more of these vessels built in the 90's and 2000's that continually become available for sale on the brokerage market each year. If we move the criteria to 50-feet and up, the top 5 brands change drastically.

Here are the most popular yacht brands over 50-feet:

2. Hatteras Yachts

3. Viking Yachts

4. Azimut Yachts

5. Prestige Yachts

I would also like to note that Carver Yachts and Ocean Alexander would have been included if we excluded the sportfishing brands. Although Hatteras and Viking both build motor yachts, the bulk of their sales continue to be in the fishing category.

Here are the top sportfishing yacht brands in 2021 : (production builders)

1. Viking Yachts

3. Tiara Yachts

5. Bertram Yachts

There are simply more cruising boat builders than sportfishing boats, making it important to break this category out by itself. Even drilling down further would require separating pre-owned custom sportfishing boats out from the production boats since so few of them are built each year.

(Seen below: This Merritt Yachts 58' is an exciting example of a custom sportfish listed with United Yacht Sales.)

The second most sought after category, center-console boats, always seems to be a dominant segment of the industry thanks to their relative affordability when compared to much larger yachts. The ease of handling and maintenance, normally due to having outboard engines, makes this a popular choice for many boat owners.

Here are the most popular center-console brands on the pre-owned market :

1. Boston Whaler

2. Grady-White

4. Edgewater

5. Intrepid

Please note that many boats in this category are sold 'For Sale By Owner' so exact numbers can be hard to quantify. This data represents pre-owned center-consoles sold through brokers and noted in soldboats.com. Both Contender Boats and   were close behind Intrepid in terms of number of boats sold.

(Seen below: This Boston Whaler 38 Realm is a great example of a higher-end center-console on the brokerage market.)

No matter what type or brand of boat you own, whether it's considered popular or not, the United Yacht Sales will team will provide the right market analysis for you, a clear plan of action on how to sell it, will follow up with every inquiry promptly, keep you informed on its progress, and continue providing assistance through closing. United Yacht Sales has over 250 yacht brokers worldwide with one of the top support teams in the industry. Our network of boat buyers and sellers is the largest there is and we will put it to work for you whether selling your current boat or on the search for a new one. To get started with UYS, call our main office at 1-772-463-3131 or fill out our What's My Boat Worth form to get a quick pricing analysis.

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Yachting World

• Digital Edition

Best luxury yacht: Our pick of the top options

• Toby Hodges
• March 17, 2023

Toby Hodges takes a look at all the nominees and the winner of the best luxury yacht category in the European Yacht of the Year Awards

There are many categories in the European Yacht of the Year awards, from the  best family cruisers  to  performance yachts . But some of the most jaw-dropping options come when it is time to choose the nominees and winner in the best luxury yacht category.

The European Yacht of the Year awards are selected by a broad panel of expert judges from across the globe. These are people who spend their professional lives sailing and comparing yachts, so you can be certain that the yachts which stand out in this field are truly the best of the best on the market.

What constitutes luxury for you? Price, quality of finish, comfort (at sea or at anchor)? The broad selection for this category this year includes two from Group Beneteau which show how appealing space can be today, as well as offerings from more typical premium brands such as Swan and Hallberg-Rassy. Pricing is equally as broad: for the same length, one can cost three times the amount of the other.

A spacious production yacht, a premium bluewater cruiser and a highly customised Italian performance cruiser shows the variety on offer in the 50-60ft+ market, while giving the jury some tricky comparisons to make.

Best luxury yacht

Best luxury yacht winner – oyster 495.

It is hard to imagine that the decor of a yacht can change its look and feel quite this much, yet the layout of this second 495, Eddie Jordan’s dramatic looking Tuga , is in fact identical to the first boat that I spent several days aboard last summer.

At its heart is a wonderfully (Humphreys) designed and engineered luxury bluewater cruiser conceived from the ground up, built in a new dedicated facility to a repeatable quality very few yards are capable of.

The 495 offers consistent passage making speeds in real voluminous comfort – whether enjoyed from the deep cockpit or the best-in-class aft cabin. Deck stowage and mechanical space is also superb.

Then factor in the family appeal of Oyster’s after sales and world rally programme and you start to appreciate the premium world this sub 50-footer gives access to.

The first yacht fully conceived under CEO Richard Hadida’s reign, this is also the smallest completely new Oyster 495 since 2005 – and it’s a triumph. It was our September 2022 cover star in which we featured the full review from our Oyster 495 three day test .

Beneteau Oceanis Yacht 60

The Oceanis Yacht 60 is a very different beast indeed to the 62 it replaces as flagship for the Beneteau range. The yard has learned plenty from the success of the First 53/OY 54 and wanted to create a 60 in this style and with the same deck layout (albeit larger and wider) and ease of circulation.

The construction experience of the smaller model clearly helped too, as this is a whopping five tonnes lighter than the bulky OY62 and with a deeper (2.6m) keel. The telling result is on the water. It feels sporty to helm and we averaged a knot slower than the single figure 6-8 knot windspeeds upwind and matched them reaching with Code 0 and a slight swell.

The vast cockpit works well, sheltered below the semi rigid bimini, it has plentiful lounging space with sailing systems led aft to the twin helms. The interior sees a 3+3 layout, where Beneteau wanted to get rid of the corridor effect of the OY62. The galley is forward to help open out space, while the forward suite with offset berth and headboard aft works well to give space with privacy.

This is an attractive, voluminous yacht that leaves a good overall impression whether under sail, on or below decks.

Ice 62 Targa

It all looks pretty funky below decks on the Ice 62 Targa too, especially if you’re watching the masthead fore and aft cameras (plus bow and prop cam) on central displays mounted in the saloon while you slip out of the dock! The Ice is a seriously impressive, contemporary yacht, one that in looks, performance and execution, won over many of the judges.

The first to launch is a highly customised project for a passionate sailing owner who covers long distances solo – he’d already sailed it 3,000 miles around the Med that autumn. It’s impressively stiff, sails handsomely and, thanks to a telescopic keel, points well. We matched single figure windspeeds, and clocked up to the high 9s in 12 knots wind.

Umberto Felci’s team spent 4,000 hours on the design, providing lots of space and light to the interior and a chillout zone in the semi raised saloon. This was easily the coolest looking yacht, with its aggressive reverse bow, chamfered gunwales and carbon T-top bimini, and all engineered and built to a high standard.

If you enjoyed this….

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Are Branded Luxury Yachts the New Frontier of High-End Travel?

Four Seasons is out to conquer the high seas—it may have some competition.

The monogrammed robe really says it all. There it hangs in the gleaming white marble bathroom, conveniently perched within arms reach of the tub, which, by the way, has been filled to the brim with rose petals. Subtle, but just conspicuous enough, an entire brand philosophy ingeniously encapsulated in a single piece of terrycloth.

The brand in question here is Four Seasons, and its philosophy? That luxury is its love language. "It's these little unscripted gestures that create a sense of the bespoke," says Marc Speichert, the company's Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer, who then relays an anecdote about a housekeeping manager who once noticed a photo lying on a table in a guest's room and went out to find a frame for it. The guest was ecstatic. "It wasn't in the playbook that says, 'If you find a picture put it in a frame.' It was just him being creative, and passionate about making a difference."

This exacting attention to detail, service, and care can presumably be found across the Four Seasons hotel portfolio, from Cap-Ferrat to Chiang Mai, Philadelphia to Punta Mita, and most definitely up in the air in the Four Seasons Private Jet , given what the 0.01 percent pay for that experience. And come 2025, it will all hit the water too, when the Four Seasons Yacht sets sail on her maiden voyage (reservations open in a year), becoming the latest to enter this elite luxury race which has apparently moved from terra firma to the high seas.

In October, the first of three ships in the new Ritz-Carlton Yacht Collection finally set sail after three years of delays—the 624-foot Evrima ferried 298 guests around the Mediterranean for a week. Four Seasons' boat (also the first of three in the making), by comparison, will measure 679 feet and carry a fraction of passengers: there are only 95 suites on board (each cost more than $4 million to build) and an embarrassment of riches in amenities, from 11 food and beverage outlets, to an outdoor movie theater, to the largest pool deck in its class, to common areas designed by Martin Brudnizki.

The yacht wars don't end here: last December, Aman announced it was also building a yacht—600 feet, 50 suites, a spa with a zen garden, two helipads—which will also launch in 2025. Even aspirational furniture brand Restoration Hardware has put its stamp on maritime hospitality, tricking out an expedition yacht it bought in 2019 with its signature caramel-hued California cool aesthetic of Carrara marble, Italian leathers, sleek lacquers, and reclaimed woods.

Which brings us back to the question: how does one stand out in what's fast becoming a competitive market? "Maximum flexibility," Speichert says, by which he means a guest on the Four Seasons Yacht will be able to do whatever she wants whenever she pleases (within the parameters of the ship's port schedule, of course), rather than being forced to choose an itinerary in advance, as is the practice on most other cruises. "It's about however you want to discover where we go. Up to you."

The brand also has the advantage of a sprawling—and unrivaled— global network of hotels with highly capable concierge teams at the ready to craft curated on-shore experiences and dispense insider destination knowledge. Maybe you even add on a few nights at the Grand-Hotel du Cap-Ferrat while the yacht is anchored off the coast, or at San Domenico Palace, the property in Taormina that just played a starring role in the second season of The White Lotus (the yacht will summer in the Mediterranean and winter in the Caribbean) . "Everyone can have a completely different puzzle as they assemble the pieces," Speichert says. "We have scale. We're small in the context of hospitality, but big in the context of luxury."

Four Seasons (and its peers) seems to be banking on the idea that the Logan Roys of this world may already have their very own superyachts, natch, but should they be feeling sociable (or are in need of buying out a boat to fit their friends for, say, a milestone celebration on the Adriatic), they would feel just as home, and just as meticulously looked after, on its vessel. And Four Seasons does seem to have a competitive edge: few can yet claim bragging rights to luxury hospitality domination over land, sea, and air. Could a Four Seasons spaceship be far behind?

Leena Kim is an editor at Town & Country , where she covers travel, jewelry, education, weddings, and culture.

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Contemporary, clever and audacious, Azimut offers the most extensive range of 12 to 38 meter yachts in the world through six Series: Atlantis, Flybridge, Grande, Magellano, Verve and S.

The historic Italian shipyard founded in Viareggio (Italy) in 1873, specialized in the construction of luxury super and giga yachts that propose revolutionary concepts of heightened finesse.

Conceived for ship owners in search of a tailored experience, Yachtique is a service that allows for full customization of yacht interiors through a selection of high-end interior design brands.

A refitting service dedicated for yachts comprised between 20 and 120 meters, offering elevated technical assistance through advanced technological tools powered by specialized personnel.

A global service covering yacht leasing and management, from loan conditions to onboard setup including crew and boat-specific requirements.

An exclusive marina offering 800 berthing facilities for yachts up to 50 meters, 900 parking spaces, 8 Tesla Supercharger stations, on-site maintenance, a refitting service, restaurants and shops.

Overlooking Lake Himki and just 15 minutes away from the historic Red Square, this marina provides 190 berths, an exclusive yacht club and a surrounding service area extending for more than 10.000 m 2 .

A brand new marina with over 250 berthing facilities, 10 minutes from the Malta International Airport and within walking distance from Valletta’s fifth city gate, designed by architect Renzo Piano.

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• Articles and Guides

Best Yacht Brands: Discovering the Top Choices Today

3rd mar 2023 by samantha wilson.

Yachting is big business, and reports state that in the United States alone the recreational boating industry is worth approximately $170 billion. With boating on the rise all across the world, we take a look at the best boat brands of 2023 in several different categories. 

What are the Top 10 Yacht Brands in the United States?

The boating world spans one of the greatest ranges of any industry, with everything from the tiniest of skiffs up to the largest of luxury superyachts in its repertoire. Yet terminology and classification is often a gray area, with lots of overlap. A yacht could be a sailing yacht or a motor yacht, and from there further sub-categorized into superyachts, trawler yachts, sport fishing yachts, and so many more. When we look at the top 10 best yacht brands on the market, it’s easy to end up comparing apples and oranges. The best in one category might not make it onto the best in another, purely because of the style of yachts they produce. So here we have listed – in no particular order - the Top 10 best yacht brands in the United States by their popularity and quantities of yachts sold. More information:  An Overview of the Many Types of Yachts

Photo credit: Boston Whaler

1. Boston Whaler : There isn’t a marina in the US that doesn’t have a Boston Whaler in it, such is the huge popularity of this American born manufacturer. With a big inventory of fishing and cruising yachts, and an impressive safety record, Boston Whaler’s are in high demand both new and used. 

2. Grady-White : Established in 1959 in the US, Grady-White are pioneers in the sportfishing and walkaround yacht category, specializing in dual and center console saltwater fishing boats. Renowned for being reliable, safe, elegant and offering high performance, they provide long-term value in both the new and used markets.  

3. Sea Ray Boats : Sea Ray have been building some of the best sport cruiser yachts in the US since their founding in 1959. Today they remain one of the most popular, with a strong focus on customer service and satisfaction, as well as attention to detail. 

4. Regal Boats : Orlando-based Regal Boats have been manufacturing high quality sport cruiser yachts, bowriders, watersports boats and express cruisers since 1969, and in 1995 launched their revolutionary FasTrac hull which set industry standards and won many awards. Today it continues to form the backbone of their designs. 

5. Carver Yachts : Another all-American company with roots in the 1950s, Carver Yachts specialized in spacious, highly functional, and dependable world-class cruising yachts which stand the tests of time. While they closed their doors in 2021, their yachts, which range from 34 to 50 feet, are highly sought after on the used market. 

6. Bayliner : The super popular Bayliner brand produces some of the smallest boats on this list with their range of luxurious deck, fishing and center console models, but with state of the art engineering and elegant profiles, they are always sought after whether new or used. 

7. Viking Yachts : Based in New Jersey, USA, Viking are a legendary American yacht brand best known for their sportfishing yachts and motor boats in the 37-92 ft. range. For over six decades they have made a name for themselves as world leaders in luxurious, high performance cruising yachts. 

8. Chris-Craft Boats : Chris-Craft is an American cultural icon with nearly 150 years of heritage in creating recreational boats. Today they continue their legacy with their ranges of day boats, overnight cruisers and center consoles which offer timeless elegance and impeccable craftsmanship. 

9. Westport Yachts : The largest yacht builder in North America, Westport have been leading the industry since 1964. They specialize in the production of large motor yachts, and were pioneers in the use of composite material in boats. 

10. Ocean Alexander : Originally based in Taiwan, Ocean Alexander operates out of its home base in Merritt Island, Florida and has been one of the world’s best loved yacht brands since 1977. Their inventory ranges from the 45 foot Divergence Coupe, a yacht crossed with a sport boat, all the way up to some of the most acclaimed superyachts ever built. 

What are the Best Luxury Yacht Brands in the World?

The superyacht industry is one of the fastest growing sectors of the boating world, and the number of superyachts gracing our oceans has more than doubled in the last 10 years. Categorized as yachts (both motor and sail) over 78 feet, they are the largest and most luxurious vessels in the world costing millions of dollars. The heart of the superyacht manufacturing industry is in Europe, with many of the world’s top superyacht brands based in Italy, France, the Netherlands and Germany, but with builders in the United States, United Kingdom and Asia also making big waves. Superyachts set the bar for the entire boating industry, constantly pushing the boundaries of innovation and engineering. Here we list (in no particular order) some of the top superyacht manufacturers in the world.

• Princess Yachts
• Royal Huisman
• Ocean Alexander

Difference Between a Superyacht and a Megayacht

What are the Best Trawler Yacht Brands?

The slow, sturdy trawler has had one of the most impressive make overs of any vessel. Once considered a workhorse of a fishing boat, today they are one of the most sought-after long-distance cruising yachts on the market. These impressive ocean-going yachts offer luxury, comfort, space, speed and fuel-efficiency in one highly capable and attractive package. Where they once would have been left in the wake of sportfishers or motoryachts, today’s trawler yachts are differentiated only by their iconic silhouette resembling a mini superyacht. 

Photo credit: Nordic Tugs

1. Nordic Tugs : These American-built trawler yachts are the epitome of what today’s trawlers can be: luxurious, long-range and jaw-droppingly spacious. They are anything but a tug boat, and built with meticulous attention to detail creating reliable, adventure-bound cruisers that offer a real home on the water. 

2. Grand Banks : One of the pioneers of the cruising trawler, Grand Banks have brought these hugely popular yachts to superyacht levels in a compact package. They have six decades of boat building under their belt, offering reliability, customer service and forward-thinking ideas. 

3. Beneteau : Beneteau’s Swift series saw the slow trawler turn into a mini superyacht, and with over 1,300 sales to date, it is one of the most popular brands on the market. Beneteau are world leaders in creating large superyachts, and they have put all of that expertise into this smaller range which culminates in the Grand Trawler 62. 

4. Ranger Tugs : American-born Ranger Tugs brought their expertise of building small cruisers and designed a series of trawlers. And forget pocket yachts, these are full-scale trawlers which promise adventure and long-range exploration. With their CB range, they created a unique flybridge which is home to an upper helm, galley and dinette and pushes conventional trawler design. 

5. Nordhavn : Nordhavn produces well-engineered, high performance trawler yachts ranging from 41 foot pocket cruisers to 120 foot superyachts. Yet each one always retains its trawler image, Nordhavn’s signature look for several decades. 

What are the Best Affordable Yacht Brands?

Yachts are a luxury asset, and where we talk about affordability it ultimately comes down to a buyer’s personal budget. Of course, buying a used boat is always going to be more cost effective than a brand new one, but there are yacht brands which focus on offering quality, affordable yachts including: 

Photo credit: Chris-Craft

1. Carver : Carver Yachts have long been known for their affordability, and even though the company closed in 2021 their used yachts make boating accessible to a wide range of American families. They offer spacious, highly functional, and dependable world-class cruising yachts which stand the tests of time. 

2. SeaRay Boats : Sea Ray have been building some of the best sport cruiser yachts in the US since their founding in 1959. Today they remain one of the most popular, with a strong focus on customer service and satisfaction, as well as attention to detail. While new SeaRays don’t come cheap, their popularity means there are plenty on the used market which can be bought very affordably. 

3. Chris-Craft : Chris-Craft’s center console yachts offer excellent value for money, as well as high performance and plenty of extras. In fact, since the beginning of the 1900’s, Chris-Craft have dedicated themselves to offering boats for the everyday family, whether it was a small skiff or something more luxurious. 

4. Cutwater Boats : Functional, reliable, fun and affordable, Cutwater Boats offer an impressive range of trawler-style cruising boats which do it all, whether that’s cruising off-grid, fishing with friends or spending a day on the water with family. 

5. Ranger Tugs : Ranger Tugs are one of the most affordable yacht brands of 2023, with a great choice of family-friendly pocket yachts and long distance cruisers and trawlers. The R-23 in particular has been built with price at the forefront and allows buyers to purchase an excellent trawler boat at well under the price of most competitors. 

What are the Best Sport Fishing Yacht Brands? 

The United States leads the way when it comes to sportfishing yachts , and their popularity is only gaining. Whether you’re looking to buy used or new, there are some top brands out there producing boats designed for serious fishing pros. Sportfishing yachts need to be fast and reliable, offer plenty of fishing amenities and extras, offer comfort and a great driving experience, and look downright cool in the process. There are many brands out there to choose from, with major players including Grady-White, Boston Whaler and Viking, but here are some of the other top contenders: 

Photo credit: Hatteras Yachts

1. Huckins Yachts : Huckins pride themselves on creating some serious mean machines, and they were one of the first manufacturers to use fiberglass composites for their hulls. Today they produce a unique range of sportfishing boats that are ultra-sleek and ultra-fast. 

2. Hatteras Yachts : Hatteras Yachts focus on what they do extremely well, and that is making some of the best sportfishing convertible boats in the world. With just four models in their current range (but others on the used market) they have fine-tuned every aspect of their boats to suit the serious angler. 

3. Tiara Yachts : Another major player in the sportfishing yacht sector are Tiara Yachts, who manage to combine a serious fishing vessel with a luxury yacht. The results are a range of mid-sized motor yachts which are modern, beautiful and at the forefront of engineering. 

4. Luhrs Boats : While no longer in production, no sportfishing yacht list would be complete without Luhrs Boats on it. With plenty of models to be found on the used market they offer an affordable and reliable vessel with all the fishing bells and whistles you could need. 

5. Bertram Yachts : If you’re looking for a versatile, reliable and powerful sportfishing yacht then look no further than Bertram Yachts. While they take inspiration from traditional fishing boats, they offer a range of rugged sportfishing and flybridge yachts which can tackle any conditions. 

Written By: Samantha Wilson

Samantha Wilson has spent her entire life on and around boats, from tiny sailing dinghies all the way up to superyachts. She writes for many boating and yachting publications, top charter agencies, and some of the largest travel businesses in the industry, combining her knowledge and passion of boating, travel and writing to create topical, useful and engaging content.

More from: Samantha Wilson

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Top 10 luxury yacht builders 2023

The design and build of a luxury yacht is a truly personal experience. Whether customising a design to be built, or striving to create a completely new concept altogether, superyacht owners will seek to work with a yacht builder that truly understands their vision, and can translate their dream design into a real vessel.

As Royal Huisman proudly state, “If you can dream it, we can build it!”

Those buying a new superyacht will therefore have many questions to ask themselves before settling on a suitable yacht builder and shipyard facility to carry out the project. Thankfully for these prospective owners, there are a number of luxury superyacht brands that have the ability to turn the biggest mega yacht dreams into reality.

Yachting Pages lists the world’s top luxury superyacht builders and their shipyard facilities , from A to Z, identifying some of the best superyachts in the world along the way.

Best luxury superyacht builders

1.  amels, netherlands.

Located in Vlissingen, Amels operates the largest superyacht boatyard in the Netherlands, and is known to be one of the best superyacht builders in the world.

Amels has been operating for over 100 years and offers both Full Custom and Limited Editions, ranging from 55 to 83 metres (180 to 272 feet) LOA. Built on a proven platform and delivered in half the time expected of standard construction superyachts, all 20+ Limited Editions projects have so far been delivered on or ahead of contract, with 55-metre (180-foot) Galene among the most recent to emerge from the yard. With several new projects currently under construction, Amels is likely to be among the top superyacht shipyards for many years to come.

2. Benetti, Italy

Founded in 1873 and headquartered in Viareggio, Benetti is the world’s largest builder of superyachts by number built, with a production capacity of 100 units per year.

Most famous for building Sir Philip Green’s 90-metre (295-foot) Lionheart in 2016, 2019 was its breakthrough year with its first 100-metre+ (328-foot+) deliveries of Lana, Luminosity and IJE. This gave Benetti 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th spots on the Top 10 Largest Superyachts Delivered in 2019 . Luminosity is widely believed to be valued in excess of €200,000,000 and is listed with Fraser and Burgess (as of November 2020).

3. Feadship, Netherlands

The home of full-custom superyachts, Feadship is one of the few shipyards worldwide that works to create completely custom yachts. It has worked with superyacht owners since the 19 th century to create one-off luxury motor yachts that are truly unique.

Feadship currently has four shipyard facilities in the Netherlands, with expansion underway at its Amsterdam facility in Western Harbour to offer the ability to build motor yachts as long as 160 metres (525 feet). To date, there are over 250 Feadship yachts in navigation, including 99-metre (324-foot) Madame Gu, 99.95 (327-foot) Moonrise, 101-metre (333-foot) Symphony and 110-metre (361-foot) Anna.

4. Fincantieri Yachts, Italy

Fincantieri Yachts specialises in full-custom luxury pleasure yachts over 70 metres (230 feet) with no upper limit to the size or volume that it can produce. The builder currently has a range of concepts and projects, including 70-metre (230-foot) superyacht Blanche.

Having manufactured in excess of 7,000 vessels in its 230-year history, Fincantieri has a network of 18 shipyards across four continents, two design centres and a research centre, making it one of the largest Western shipyards in the world.

5. Heesen Yachts, Netherlands

Heesen Yachts is known as one of the world’s luxury yacht builders, specialising in custom superyachts in the 30- to 65-metre (98- to 213-foot) range, but with the additional capability of building vessels of 80 metres (262 feet) and above.

With a focus on quality and innovation, Heesen has created many custom yachts with no two yachts the same. Founded in 1978, it was the first Dutch shipyard to employ aluminium for yacht hulls. In its 42 years, it has delivered more than 170 yachts, with aluminium, steel, displacement, semi-displacement and revolutionary fast displacement yachts making up its fleet. Its most famous vessels include the 65-metre (213-foot) Galatica Star, 70-metre (230-foot) Galatica Super Nova and 55-metre (180-foot) Serenity.

6. Lürssen, Germany

Based in Germany, Lürssen is one of the world's leading shipyards for large luxury yacht building, with a focus on excellence in custom-built superyachts. A family-owned shipyard for four generations, it can claim the accolade of building the world’s first motor yacht back in 1886.

Responsible for building more than 13,000 vessels since 1875, Lürssen currently has eight shipyard facilities in Northern Germany, each specialising in a specific size of yacht ranging from 60 to 220 metres (197 to 722 feet) in length. Together these facilities offer 1,125,000 metres squared of space for new builds, as well as refit, repair and maintenance services.

Lürssen builds some of the largest luxury yachts in the world, including the iconic Azzam, the world’s current largest superyacht at 180 metres (590 feet) LOA.

7. Nobiskrug, Germany

Having just celebrated its 115 th anniversary, Nobiskrug began shipbuilding long before the term ‘superyacht’ was even coined. Drawing on its extensive experience in seagoing vessels, the shipyard turned to yacht building in 2000 with the completion of its inaugural superyacht project, the 92-metre (302-foot) Tatoosh. It has since delivered an impressive portfolio of innovative custom-built superyachts, pledging to work on a single project for a single client to build superyachts ready for the 22 nd century. A big statement of intent.

With two facilities in Northern Germany, the boatyard can currently build vessels ranging from 60 to 426 metres (197 to 1398 feet) in length. Over 1000 in-house employees work across the two sites, where they have developed and built numerous award-winning superyachts, including one of the industry’s most talked about vessels, 142-metre (466-foot) Sailing Yacht A.

2020 saw the launch of 80-metre (262-foot) Artefact. At 2,999 GT, Artefact is now the largest 80-metre superyacht by volume in the world and is one of the world’s first superyachts to meet IMO Tier III emissions regulations.

8. Oceanco, Netherlands

Oceanco specialises in building sophisticated custom yachts ranging from 80 to 140 metres (262 to 459 feet) in length. Offering a highly personal service to clients, Oceanco is positioned with state-of-the-art yacht building facilities in the Netherlands, and a design, sales and marketing office in Monaco.

The builder celebrated its first launch in 1992, and almost 30 years later its portfolio now includes well-known superyachts such as the 95-metre (311-foot) Indian Empress, 82-metre (269-foot) Alfa Nero, 88.5-metre (290-foot) Nirvana and 91.5-metre (300-foot) Equanimity.

9. Perini Navi, Italy

The Perini Navi Group is made up of four independent companies that operate in five specific markets: sailing yachts up to 60 metres (197 feet), large sailing yachts more than 60 metres, racing sailing yachts, fast cruising sailing yachts and Picchiotti motor yachts.

To date, the group has launched 58 sailing yachts and four motor yachts. Its track record for innovative sailing yachts has seen it set the standard for excellence in the sector, launching more yachts over 50 metres (164 feet) than any other builder. It's responsible for the iconic 88-metre (288-foot) three-masted schooner Maltese Falcon, which currently holds the title of the sixth largest sailing yacht in the world, and other award-winning sailing yachts, such as the 73-metre (239-foot) Nautilus, 70-metre (229-foot) Badis I and 64-metre (210-foot) Spirit Of The C’s.

10. Royal Huisman, Netherlands

Established in 1884, Royal Huisman is the only shipyard with two entries in the top 10 largest sailing yachts ever built. The 2020 launch of 81-metre (266-foot) Sea Eagle II was its tenth sailing yacht over 50 metres (164 feet) and its biggest yacht since 90-metre (295-foot) Athena in 2004, which was then the largest sailing yacht in the world. Despite being renowned for its luxury performance sailing yachts, Royal Huisman’s largest delivery in 2021 is expected to be “Project 403 PHI”, a featherweight 55-metre (180-foot)+ aluminium motor yacht under 500GT.

Discover how to choose your luxury yacht builder or alternatively  search for superyacht shipyards .

Tried & Tested

A jacket completes any crew member's uniform so it's an important garment to get right. In this Tried & Tested, Sea Design pits eight popular jackets against one another to determine which one is best for superyacht crew in 2023.

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In our 2022 Tried & Tested, yacht toy specialist EAMS and a group of captains and crew review a selection of the very best luxury water toys on the market. Find out which toy was crowned the winner...

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15 men brought to military enlistment office after mass brawl in Moscow Oblast

Local security forces brought 15 men to a military enlistment office after a mass brawl at a warehouse of the Russian Wildberries company in Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast on Feb. 8, Russian Telegram channel Shot reported .

29 people were also taken to police stations. Among the arrested were citizens of Kyrgyzstan.

A mass brawl involving over 100 employees and security personnel broke out at the Wildberries warehouse in Elektrostal on Dec. 8.

Read also: Moscow recruits ‘construction brigades’ from Russian students, Ukraine says

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Read the original article on The New Voice of Ukraine

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Kamaz FTL hauler registers NatCar brand

MOSCOW. Sept 4 (Interfax) - National Carrier JSC, the full truckload freight trucking company headed by former Globaltruck CEO Ilya Sattarov that Russian truck maker Kamaz founded this summer, applied to register the brand NatCar at the end of August, the registry of federal intellectual property service Rospatent showed.

The NatCar brand is also mentioned in the recruitment ads of National Carrier, which is actively looking for E-class drivers. It is offering working with this year's model Kamaz diesel trucks from the flagship K5 line and new dry goods (curtainsider) and refrigerated trailers.

National Carrier was founded on July 7 in Moscow with charter capital of 1 billion rubles, the Unified State Register of Legal Entities showed. The company registered two branches in early August, in Yekaterinburg and Elektrostal, Moscow Region. The company specializes in truck logistics and associated activities, including digitization processes.

A spokesman for National Carrier told Interfax earlier that the company plans to provide FTL trucking services using its own fleet, "as well as the resources of hired truckers." The company's fleet will initially consist of 400 semi-trailer trucks with a 50/50 ratio of curtainside to refrigerated trailers, and it plans to primarily operate on domestic routes, he said.

The company has preliminary agreements with major customers among marketplaces and retailers in the FMCG and DIY segments, the spokesman said. Strong demand for trucking services is expected toward the end of the year, so there is interest from customers, he said.

Kamaz marketing director Ashot Arutyunyan announced at the International Moscow Automotive Forum at the end of August that the truck maker was the principal investor in National Carrier. He did not comment on the new company's shareholder structure, but said it is a Kamaz startup.

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Oceanco is a Dutch company founded in 1987 with a shipyard based in Alblasserdam, Netherlands. A winner of multiple yacht show awards, the brand features impressive ocean-going cruisers and expedition yachts up to 420 ft. long with advanced green technologies and design innovations.

23. Azimut Azimut Grande Trideck Aesthetic appeal along with classic Italian design makes this company one of the most sought after. The Italian shipyard develops innovative solutions like crafting hybrid engines and using nanotechnologies, which make the long-lasting coatings on their vessels have a lower impact on marine life.

The Sunseeker story began in 1969 when entrepreneurial brothers Robert and John Braithwaite pursued their boat-building passion. Today, we are the leading brand for luxury performance motor yachts. With seven yacht ranges, we offer the most diverse product portfolio in the world. Each with its own personality, our yachts are engineered with the ...

1. Sea Ray Boats 2. Boston Whaler

Azimut has reinterpreted, extended and revolutionized the bow area, lavishing the forelounge with comforts to host an island of wellbeing between sky and sea. GRANDE 32M. The revolutionary and unprecedented Flex Deck of the Grande 26M opens to extend the cockpit, creating an evocative terrace overlooking the sea. GRANDE 26M.

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The Azimut Benetti Group in Italy continues to outpace other builders in terms of orders for yachts 80 feet and longer. The brands in the group include Benetti, which launched its biggest superyacht to date, the 295-foot Lionheart, in 2016. She was the third yacht that the same owner has ordered from Benetti, a steel-and-aluminum testament to ...

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Yacht brand Firmship has customised a Land Rover Defender in the style of its boats. According to Firmships, it is the perfect neutral with no cool or warm overtones so it can complement a wide ...

Find a dealer CHARTER CLUB News & Events Company en Azimut world: everything you should know about the group, our mission and our belif. Enter the official Azimut Yachts website to find out more about us.

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6. Bayliner: The super popular Bayliner brand produces some of the smallest boats on this list with their range of luxurious deck, fishing and center console models, but with state of the art engineering and elegant profiles, they are always sought after whether new or used. 7.

2. Oceanco This is another custom yacht builder with a rock-solid reputation. While Oceanco is much younger than Lürssen, they quickly established themselves in the industry as a premium brand. The company was founded in 1987 as a project by a group of South African investors in Durban, South Africa.

Zut is the second largest island in the Kornati archipelago, and the largest uninhabited island in Croatia. Most visitors arrive on yacht charters - the. Home; About me; Contact me; News; Tel: +44 1279 758 330. Welcome to SailingChoices.com Your premier expert sailing resources. Main menu.

The Netherlands and Germany top the yachting industry for delivering yachts over 50m with large volume and a high value. German builders Lürssen, Abeking & Rasmussen and Nobiskrug deliver full-custom yacht projects, while Dutch builders like Amels/Damen Yachting, Heesen and Moonen build high-end semi-custom yachts based on model platforms.

5. Heesen Yachts, Netherlands. Heesen Yachts is known as one of the world's luxury yacht builders, specialising in custom superyachts in the 30- to 65-metre (98- to 213-foot) range, but with the additional capability of building vessels of 80 metres (262 feet) and above. With a focus on quality and innovation, Heesen has created many custom ...

Zut: The ACI marina with yachts and motor cruisers on the single pontoon. Home; About me; Contact me; News; Tel: +44 1279 758 330. Welcome to SailingChoices.com Your premier expert sailing resources. Main menu. Skip to primary content. Skip to secondary content. ... Saronic: Yacht bases ...

The superyacht industry is a world that offers you luxurious adventures around the globe, from the United States, all the way to the UK, Netherlands, Germany...

55. In Elektrostal near Moscow, after a fight, 15 employees of the Wildberries warehouse were taken to the Military Commissariat. Local security forces brought 15 men to a military enlistment office after a mass brawl at a warehouse of the Russian Wildberries company in Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast on Feb. 8, Russian Telegram channel Shot reported.

Find company research, competitor information, contact details & financial data for BETA GIDA, OOO of Elektrostal, Moscow region. Get the latest business insights from Dun & Bradstreet.

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Third temporary channel opens for vessels to Baltimore port after bridge collapse

by Associated Press

BALTIMORE (AP) — A third temporary channel for boats to enter and depart the Port of Baltimore has opened, expanding further shipping access as collapsed sections of the Francis Scott Key Bridge are salvaged before the span can ultimately be rebuilt.

The alternate channel, located to the northeast of the fallen bridge, is open to “commercially essential vessels,” port officials announced late Friday.

READ | 6 people presumed dead after collapse of Baltimore, Md. bridge, recovery efforts begin

The new temporary path, with a controlling depth of 20 feet (6.1 meters), a horizontal clearance of 300 feet (91.4 meters) and a vertical clearance of 135 feet (41.2 meters), allows a greater variety of vessels to access the port while crews work to reopen the main channel, Coast Guard and port Capt. David O’Connell said in a news release.

With the new channel open, about 15% of pre-collapse commercial activity will resume, O'Connell said. The first temporary channel opened April 1. The bridge collapsed early March 26 after it was struck by the cargo ship Dali.

Officials hope to open a channel by the end of the month to allow most maritime traffic back into one of the East Coast’s busiest maritime transit hubs.

Workers are laboring to remove thousands of tons of debris sitting atop the Dali, the cargo ship that veered off course and struck the 1.6-mile-long (2.57-kilometer-long) bridge. Six roadwork crew members on the bridge died. Two of their bodies have not been found.

ALSO READ | 2 temporary channels open at Port of Baltimore after Key Bridge collapse

With massive cranes, workers so far have taken away about 1,300 tons (1,179 metric tons) of steel. The debris on the stationary ship must be removed before the vessel can be returned to the port.

how to address your cover letter

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How to Address a Cover Letter With Examples

Options for Addressing a Cover Letter

• Letter Without a Contact Person
• Non-Gender-Specific Names

What Title to Use

• Address an Email Cover Letter
• Review a Sample Cover Letter

Before You Send Your Letter

One of the trickiest parts of writing a cover letter comes at the very beginning. Much of the time, you won’t know exactly who will read your letter. How do you address your cover letter when you don’t have the contact person’s name and/or gender ?

First of all, try to find out the name of the contact person. Some employers will think poorly of an applicant who does not take the time to learn the hiring manager’s name. Also, take care not to assume that you know the gender of the recipient based on the name. Many names are gender-neutral, and some hiring managers may identify as a gender other than male or female.

It’s also possible that you’ll do your research and still be unable to figure out to whom you are addressing your letter. In that case, it's better to be safe and use a generic greeting . It's also acceptable to start a letter without a greeting and start with the first paragraph of your letter .

You have a lot of options when addressing your letter. Learn more about the possibilities before you make your choice.

How to Address a Cover Letter Without a Contact Person

There are a variety of general cover letter salutations you can use to address your letter. These general cover letter salutations do not require you to know the name of the hiring manager.

In a survey of more than 2,000 companies, Saddleback College found that employers preferred the following greetings:  

• Dear Sir/Madam (27%)
• To Whom It May Concern  (17%)
• Dear Human Resources Director (6%)
• Leave it blank (8%)

Do keep in mind that terms like "To Whom It May Concern" may seem dated, so the best options may be either to use "Dear Hiring Manager" or not to include a greeting at all. Simply start with the first paragraph of your letter.

How to Address a Cover Letter for a Non-Gender-Specific Name

If you do have a name but aren't sure of the person's gender, one option is to include both the first name and the last name in your salutation, without a title that reveals gender:

• Dear Sydney Doe
• Dear Taylor Smith
• Dear Jamie Brown

With these types of gender-ambiguous names,  LinkedIn  can be a helpful resource. Since many people include a photo with their profile, a simple search of the person's name and company within LinkedIn could potentially turn up the contact's photograph.

Again, you can also check the company website or call the company’s administrative assistant to get more information as well.

Even if you know the name and gender of the person to whom you are writing, think carefully about what title you will use in your salutation.

For example, if the person is a doctor or holds a Ph.D., you might want to address your letter to “Dr. Lastname” rather than “Ms. Lastname” or “Mr. Lastname.” Other titles might be “Prof.,” “Rev.,” or “Sgt.,” among others.

When you address a letter to a female employer, use the title “Ms.” unless you know for certain that she prefers another title (such as “Miss” or “Mrs.”).

“Ms.” is a general title that does not denote marital status, so it works for any female employer.

How to Address an Email Cover Letter

Hiring managers get a lot of emails each day. Make it easy for them to scan your email and follow up by including a clear subject line and a signature with your contact information. It's important to address the email cover letter correctly, including the name of the person hiring for the position if you have a contact, to ensure that your letter gets noticed.

Subject Line of Email Message

Never leave the subject line blank. There is a good chance that if a hiring manager receives an email with no subject line, they’ll delete it without even bothering to open it, or it could end up in their spam mailbox. Instead, write a clear subject indicating your intentions.

List the job you are applying for in the  subject line of your email message , so the employer knows what job you are interested in. They may be hiring for multiple positions, and you will want them to identify the position you’re interested in easily.

How to Address the Contact Person

There are a variety of  cover letter salutations  you can use to address your email message. If you have a contact person at the company, address the letter to Ms. or Mr. Lastname. If you aren’t given a contact person, check to see if you can  determine the email recipient's name .

If you can’t find a contact person at the company, you can either leave off the salutation from your cover letter and  start with the first paragraph  of your letter or use a  general salutation .

How to Format the Salutation

Once you have chosen a salutation, follow it with a colon or comma, a space, and then start the first paragraph of your letter. For example:

Dear Hiring Manager:

First paragraph of the letter.

Body of Email Cover Letter

The body of your cover letter  lets the employer know what position you are applying for, and why the employer should select you for an interview. This is where you'll sell yourself as a candidate. Review the job posting and include examples of your attributes that closely match the ones they are looking for.

When you're sending an  email cover letter , it's important to follow the employer's instructions on how to submit your cover letter and resume.

Make sure that your email cover letters are as well-written as any other documents you send.

If you have attached your resume, mention this as part of your conclusion. Then finish your cover letter by thanking the employer for considering you for the position. Include information on how you will follow up. Include a closing, then list your name and your  email signature .

Your email signature should include your name, full address, phone number, email address, and  LinkedIn Profile URL  (if you have one) so it is easy for hiring managers to get in touch.

Firstname Lastname  Street Address  (optional) City, State Zip Code  Email  Phone  LinkedIn

Sample Cover Letter

This is a cover letter example. Download the cover letter template (compatible with Google Docs and Word Online) or see below for more examples.

Sample Cover Letter (Text Version)

Mary Garcia 12 Rogers Avenue Townville, New Hampshire 03060 555-555-5555 mary.garcia@email.com

February 17, 2021

Franklin Lee

CBI Industries 39 Main Street Townville, New Hampshire 03060

Dear Mr. Lee:

I was excited to see your ad for the operations assistant position in your Townville offices.

I have five years of experience as an operations assistant/associate. In my most recent role at ABC Corp., I fulfilled orders, resolved customer issues, ordered supplies, and prepared reports. In previous roles, I’ve done bookkeeping, data entry, and sales support. Basically, anything your department needs to run smoothly, I can do – and most likely, I already have experience doing it.

My other skills include:

• Strong communication skills, in person, in writing, and on the phone
• Excellent attention to detail and organization skills
• Top-notch customer service
• Experience in the industry and passion for the product
• Adept at all the usual professional software, including Microsoft Office Suite

I’ve included my resume for your review. Please contact me if you have questions or would like to schedule an interview. Thank you for your consideration.

Signature (hard copy letter)

Mary Garcia

Review Cover Letter Samples: It’s hard to write cover letters from scratch. To make life easier – and to make sure you don’t forget any of those pesky formatting rules —start by reviewing cover letter samples . Sending an email version instead? Look at a few examples of email cover letters to get started.

Customize Your Cover Letter: Why personalize your cover letter every time you apply for a job? Because even similar job titles have different requirements. The goal of a cover letter is to show the hiring manager that you’re the best candidate for this particular job. Customizing your cover letter will help you emphasize your skills and experience and how they fit with the job requirements .

Spell-Check Names: Before sending your cover letter, make absolutely sure that you have spelled the hiring manager’s name correctly. That is the kind of small error that can cost you a job interview.

Carefully Proofread Your Letter: Whether you're sending an email or uploading or attaching a printable cover letter, it's important to make sure that your cover letter and resume are written as well as any other business correspondence. If you can, have a friend proofread before you hit send, to pick up any typos or grammatical errors.

Saddleback College. " Your Resume is Your 1st Interview ," Page 14. Accessed Feb. 17, 2021.

How to Address a Cover Letter in 2024

Yes, how you address your cover letter matters.

After all, this is the first thing the recruiter reads when going through your cover letter, and yes, there is a right and wrong way to do it.

In this article, we’re going to teach you how to address your cover letter in such a way that you leave a positive impression on any recruiter!

• How to address a cover letter to a recruiter? (Casual or formal)
• What title to use when addressing the hiring manager
• How to address a cover letter without a contact person/to a company
• How to address a cover letter without an address
• How to address a cover letter in an email

How to Address a Cover Letter To a Recruiter (Casual or Formal)?

As we already mentioned, the way you address your cover letter is important because it is the very first thing recruiters see upon opening your cover letter. 

A well-formulated cover letter address means that you care enough to research the company (i.e. to find the hiring manager’s name and title) and that you show attention to detail. 

As such, you should always put some research into who you’re addressing your cover letter to and do so in a formal way.  

And yes, the formal part is important too. The recruiter isn’t your best friend - you want to maintain a sense of professionalism.

If this is how you address the recruiter in your cover letter:

• What’s up Hiring Manager
• Hi there Hiring Team

Then you say goodbye to the job.

Now, you’re probably wondering, how can I find out whom to address my cover letter to?

That’s what we’re about to teach you:

Who Am I Addressing My Cover Letter To?

Here are some tricks to find the full name of the hiring manager: 

• Check the job listing. The job listing may have information about the recruiter or the department doing the hiring. Make sure to read through the entire job listing, as it might not be at an entirely obvious place.
• Check the company website. Some websites feature the names of the hiring managers or heads of departments that may go through your cover letter. Alternatively, LinkedIn is another place where you can look for this information.
• Check the company’s LinkedIn. You can look up who works in the company you’re applying for on their LinkedIn page.
• Ask around. Do you have friends that work for the company? They could provide you with valuable inside info.

To avoid making a bad impression, head over to our guide on cover letter mistakes to learn about what NOT to do when writing your cover letter.  

Addressing a Cover Letter With a Name

By now, you have probably found the hiring manager’s full name and gender. With this information available, it’s best to address the hiring manager formally, as follows: 

• Dear Mr. Brown,
• Dear Miss Fitzpatrick,
• Dear Mrs. Lockhart,
• Dear Ms. Walters,

If, for some reason, you are unsure about the person’s title, gender, marital status, or preferred pronouns, just address them using their entire name to avoid any mistakes. For example:

• Dear Alex Brown, 
• Dear Blair Fitzpatrick,
• Dear Jesse Lockhart,
• Dear Madison Walters,

Addressing someone with a title 

Now, if you found out that the hiring manager has a professional or academic title, then it’s more appropriate to address them using that title. If, for example, the hiring manager has a Ph.D., then it’s more respectful to address them as “Dr. Last Name,” instead of “Mr. Last Name.”  

Here are some professional titles and how they’re abbreviated: 

• A professor is Prof. 
• A reverend is Rev. 
• A sergeant is Sgt. 
• Honorable is Hon. 

If, however, you are uncertain about how a title is abbreviated, then avoid it altogether. 

Here are a few examples to give you an idea: 

• Dear Prof. Welsch,
• Dear Director Smith,
• Dear Rev. Owen,

Dear Dr. Leonard,

When addressing women and you don’t know their marital status, always go with Ms., because it doesn’t comment on marital status. Some women prefer not to be addressed with Miss or Mrs. even when they’re married, so sticking with Ms. is the best choice. 

Want to learn more cover letter tips ? Our guide has all you need to ace your cover letter!  

It might happen that, no matter how hard you search, you can’t find the name of the hiring manager or department head that will read your cover letter.

In that case, you can address your cover letter to the department, faculty, or the company.

• Dear Software Development Hiring Team,
• Dear Customer Service Department Hiring Team,
• Dear Head of the Literature Faculty,
• Dear Director of Marketing,
• Dear Human Resources Recruitment Team,

Alternatively, if you don’t have enough information either about the department or the team, you can opt for addressing the cover letter directly to the company’s hiring staff, as follows: 

Dear [Company Name] Hiring Team 

Dear [Company Name] Recruiting Staff

If all else fails (meaning, you don’t know the name of the department head or even the exact department, in addition to the recruiter) then you can use one of the good, old-fashioned:

• Dear Hiring Manager,

...but NOT the impersonal and way outdated “To whom it may concern” and “Dear Sir/Madam.” 

Starting a cover letter can be challenging. Our guide can show you how to start a cover letter that will get you results from the get-go. 

How to Format the Company’s Address

Before you reach the salutation, you have to make sure that the header with the recipient’s contact information is formatted correctly. 

It might not be the deciding point of whether you’ll secure an interview or not, but it will cost you points if it’s off. 

So, the first thing you want to do is add your name and surname on the upper left side of the cover letter. Underneath, you should write your professional title (if applicable), your email , and your phone number . 

Now, after you’ve also added the date, you should leave one more space and add the recipient’s contact information and, most importantly, the company’s address. 

It should look something like this on your cover letter: 

When You Can’t Find the Company’s Address 

Some companies might have several addresses listed (as per their branches, for example), or even none at all. 

Since an application that doesn’t have an address line could end up lost or misplaced, make sure you do one of the following before skipping the company’s address completely:

• Check all your resources, (pretty much like when you were looking for the hiring manager’s name) to find the company’s address. 
• Use the company’s headquarter address. This is sometimes easier to find, especially if the company has several branches. 
• Use the P.O. Box number for the company. This is not as specific as an actual address line, but if all else fails, it’s still something. 

Frequently, you’ll be asked to submit your job application (including your cover letter) electronically, or by email. In those cases, you can skip the address line altogether. 

Here’s how you’d go about addressing a cover letter in an email.

If you’re sending your job application through email, chances are you’ll need to format your cover letter in the body of the email, or as an attachment along with your resume.

First and foremost when you’re addressing a cover letter in an email is the subject line, which should be between 6-10 words long. 

Considering that hiring managers receive countless emails daily, you want to make sure that yours is a job application immediately. And the way to do that is straight through the subject line, which should indicate exactly the position you’re applying for and your name so that it’s easier to find through the recruiter’s swarmed mailbox. 

Here’ what we mean by that:

• Subject Line:   John Doe - Software Development Job Application 
• Subject Line: John Doe - Job Application for Marketing Manager Position   
• Subject Line: John Doe - Stock Manager Job Application 

Afterward, if you’re including your cover letter in the body of the email (as opposed to attaching it as a document), begin by using a salutation, add space, and start your letter. 

If someone referred you for the position, make sure to mention that in the subject line of your email as well as in your opening paragraph.  

So, let’s see how all the above plays out in practice: 

Subject Line: John Doe - Carl Jacob’s Referral for Software Developer

I was very glad that Mr. Jacobs, a long-time partner at your firm who also happens to be my mentor from college, referred me for the Software Developer position. 

Do you want your style, personality, and overall personal brand to shine through your application? With Novorésumé, you can match your cover letter with your resume to make a lasting impression! 

Key Takeaways 

And that’s all there is when it comes to addressing a cover letter! You should feel much more confident in doing so by now. 

Either way, let’s go over the main points we covered throughout the article: 

• Your cover letter address should be formal and well-researched. Don’t address the hiring manager with “hey,” “what’s up,” “hi there,” or even the old-fashioned “Dear Sir/Madam” and “To Whom It May Concern.”
• Always try to find the hiring manager’s full name and professional title through the company’s website, LinkedIn, by calling, or by asking someone who works there.
• If you know the hiring manager’s name, go with “Dear Mr./Miss Last Name,” but if you’re unsure about their gender, marital status, or preferred pronoun, just address them using their full name.
• If the recruiter has a professional or academic title, it’s more appropriate to address them using their title.
• If you can’t find the contact person’s name, then address the department, faculty, or company (i.e. Dear Microsoft Hiring Team , or Dear Software Development Recruitment Team ).

Related Readings: 

• Do I Need a Cover Letter in 2024
• Entry-Level Cover Letter
• Cover Letter for Internship
• How to Write a Cover Letter in 2024

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How to address a cover letter | with examples

The way you start your cover letter counts.

It’s the first thing a hiring manager sees when they open your application so you need to make them excited to peek into your CV .

In our guide, we’ll show you the ropes on how to address your cover letter, and even teach you how to find the recruiter or hiring manager’s name for maximum impact.

CV templates 

Address the hiring manager or recruiter directly

Address the hiring manager or recruiter by name to start building a rapport with them.

Something simple like, “Hi Lucy” will do the trick.

According to recent research , simply seeing your own name can trigger a strong response in the brain. So, be sure to do this, to captivate the recruiter’s attention.

How to find the recruiter or hiring manager’s name

You may be wondering, “How do I figure out their name?”

There are several ways to find out the name of the person handling the job opening, which we’ll look at below.

When you’re reading a job advert, you’ll sometimes find the name and email address of the person you need to get in touch with directly in the ad.

Look out for the section that says “For enquiries” or “Contact person”.

For example, the advert might say something like:

“For more info, please contact Susan Wright at [email protected] .”

Usually, this person manages that job vacancy.

If you see this information, it’s your lucky day – job adverts are the simplest way to find the correct name.

Company website

If you can’t find the recruiter’s name on the job advert , and you’re applying for a job directly via a company, check out their website.

Keep an eye out for a “Who We Are” , “About Us” or “Our Team” section.

Here, you’ll usually be able to find the info about the people who work there, including the head of the department or hiring team connected to the position you’re applying for.

Look at the people’s profiles to get the one that fits your job’s department.

If you have trouble finding it directly, use the search bar on the company’s website and type in “Head of [Department Name]” or “HR Manager”.

You could also run a Google search for “[Company name] + team” for a quick way of finding an About Page for a particular team or department.

LinkedIn is one of the best ways to find a hiring manager or recruiter because millions of them are registered on the platform.

Firstly, ascertain the company that posted the position and the team it’s connected with from the information provided in the job advert.

When you know the department and organisation, head over to LinkedIn . Here, you can use the search bar to look for the company name, department or job title associated with the job opening.

Let’s say you’re applying for a marketing vacancy at Tesco. You can search for “Marketing Manager” in the search bar like this:

Once the search results appear, click the “People” filter button to narrow down your findings further so that you’re only seeing people (and not companies or groups).

Then make sure you choose your target company under “Current Company” – this ensures you only view people who are current employees.

You will need to type the name of the company into the text box like this:

Click on the name of the company you typed in. In this case, it’s “Tesco.”

Then hit the blue “Show results” button.

And examine the profiles that come up.

You’ll be able to find the person handling the job applications by looking for titles such as “recruitment manager” or “team leader” .

And once you view their profiles you may even be able to get hold of their phone number or email address.

Contact info

Here is how you can find a person’s email address via the contact details, if they have entered them.

Click on their profile then seek out the “Contact info” section.

This sits under their profile picture and headline.

If the user has made their contact info visible, you’ll see it here.

About section

Often, you can locate additional contact info, such as email addresses, in the “About” or “Summary” section of their profile.

To do this, scroll down to the user’s “About” section.

If the user has decided to include their email address, you’ll see it here.

If you can’t find an email, you can contact them directly through LinkedIn.

Here’s how you’d do this:

• Send a connection request – Send the person a connection request and a message. When they accept your request, you’ll be able to write an accompanying message.
• Use InMail – If this specific individual isn’t in your network, use the LinkedIn InMail. This is a premium feature which lets you send messages to LinkedIn members outside of your network – it’s useful but do. Of course, there is a fee to use this feature but it’s a useful tool.

What if you can’t find a name?

Don’t panic if you can’t find the name of the individual you’re trying to address. This will happen a lot during your job search .

In such cases, it’s absolutely fine to begin with a friendly “Hi.”

But don’t use expressions like “Dear Sir or Madam” – this sounds extremely outdated and aloof.

If you use the word “Hi”, this ensures your cover letter is more amicable and modern , even when you’re unsure of the person’s name.

This is a courteous and simple way to start if you have difficulty locating the specific hiring manager’s name.

How to write a cover letter email subject line

A recruiter’s inbox gets flooded with applications, so when you write your cover letter email , your initial goal is to entice them to read your email.

You must catch their attention with a compelling subject line and give a captivating reason for them to click on your message.

Avoid using generic subject lines, such as:

• “Check This Out” – Subject lines like this sound spammy, and hiring managers may ignore it.
• “Important” – Recruiters won’t know why your email is important – they might deem it clickbait.
• “CV Attached” – This subject line doesn’t offer any context or engage the recruiter in any way at all.
• “Hire Me” – This comes across as too blunt and provides no context.
• “I Need a Job” – This sounds too direct and may sound a little too desperate.
• “Looking for Work” – While you’re being upfront, this isn’t an engaging subject line.

Instead of including any of these generic subject lines, you must promote your selling points right off the bat.

For instance, use subject lines that highlight your skills and expertise in a concise, screen-friendly title.

Determine your main strengths as an applicant and invent a way to integrate them into your subject line.

You could say something like:

• “Veteran Graphic Designer with a Portfolio of Projects”
• “Registered Nurse with Intensive Care Unit Expertise”
• “Committed Secondary School Teacher with 10 Years’ Classroom Expertise”
• “Certified IT Professional with Experience in Network Security”

These subject lines are effective because they communicate key information and value to hiring managers clearly and concisely. Each tells the recruiter about your qualifications and expertise and is tailored to the specific job or field.

A recruiter is more likely to open an email from someone who can potentially meet their requirements.

A quick tip: Remember, subject lines have a limited amount of space – you’ll probably only be able to squeeze in between 30 and 35 characters.

How not to address a cover letter

When you’re addressing your cover letter , some things simply aren’t worth including. These old-fashioned or overly formal ways of starting a cover letter can make a negative first impression.

So, avoid the below phrases in your cover letter greeting:

• “Dear Sir or Madam” – This is far too old-fashioned and doesn’t show much effort. It’s also fairly impersonal.
• “What’s up, [Department Name]?” – This is excessively informal and will probably give hiring managers the wrong impression about you. It also doesn’t address the specific person.

Steer clear of these unimpressive ways to address your cover letter and plump for a more personal, engaging approach, like “Hi James” or “Hello Sarah”. Don’t forget, you need to get the perfect balance of friendliness and professionalism.

How to Address a Cover Letter When Applying for a Job

While addressing your cover letter may seem like a small part of your job application, your salutation may be the first thing an employer reads on your application. An appropriate opening can leave a good first impression and set the tone for a successful application that engages the interest of an employer. This article explains how to address a cover letter depending on the information available to you about the job you are applying for.

Who should you address a cover letter to?

While you may not be certain who will read your cover letter when applying for jobs, there are a few best practices for addressing a cover letter. Unless a job description includes information on a different person to send application materials to, you should address your cover letter to the hiring manager for the position. ‘Dear Hiring Manager’ is an appropriate greeting for situations when you don’t know the hiring manager’s name, but seeking out details about the team you would be working with shows that you have a strong interest in the company and pay attention to details.

Methods for finding the hiring manager’s name

The following methods can help you find the hiring manager’s name when applying for a new job:

Check the application materials

Sometimes a job posting or other application materials have the name and title of the person reviewing your application listed. Many companies include information about who to contact in order to streamline the job search process, so read the job listing carefully for any instruction on who to address your letter to. Look at email addresses or social media profiles linked to the posting and see if the hiring manager’s name is listed. If you previously communicated with someone at the company about your application, consider reaching out and asking who you should address your cover letter to.  

Look at the company website 

Some companies keep a list of key employees or even a full directory of their employees available on their website. They may have a separate careers page with information on a hiring manager, or you may be able to find the name of a human resources representative for your position. Look for who the managers are for the department are applying to work with and determine who would work most closely with your position. You can also search for the company online and find outside information on their hiring structure.

Call the business

You can call the front office of a company and ask for the name of the contact person for the position you are applying for.  Be sure to call during business hours and be as specific as possible so that you get the name of the correct person. If you are still not able to confirm the name of a contact, the company will likely expect applicants to use the name of their hiring manager’s position or even leave off the greeting entirely.

How to address a cover letter

Use these steps as a guide toward addressing your cover letter:

1. First, verify your information

Once you have the name or title of the person receiving your cover letter, make sure that all of your information is accurate. Do a quick search to see if they have any honorifics such as Dr. or Prof. that you can include in your greeting Avoid using gendered language such as ‘Mr.’ or ‘Ms.’ unless you have confirmed that they prefer to be addressed by that term.

2. Second, choose a salutation

Including a salutation is optional and based on personal preference. One option for beginning your cover letter is to simply list the name of the hiring manager followed by a comma. ‘Dear’ followed by their name and a comma is also a professional way to open your greeting. You should avoid less casual greetings such as ‘hey’ and ‘hello.’

3. Third, use a consistent format

When addressing your cover letter, use the same font and style as the rest of your application materials. Your greeting should be above the body of your letter and below a header that includes your name and contact information. Use consistent spacing before and after the greeting to make the letter easier to read for the hiring manager while devoting most of the page to the content of your letter.

4. Lastly, proofread

Every time you send out a cover letter, proofread every part of it including the address. Proofreading can help you avoid accidentally sending one company a cover letter with another company’s hiring manager listed in the greeting. Confirm the spelling of any names or titles and have another person check your work for typos. You should also make sure that you are using proper capitalization for their name and title.

Template for how to address a cover letter

Here is a brief template you can use when crafting a new cover letter or adding to an existing one:

[First name] [Last name] [Address] [City, State ZIP code] [Email] [Phone number]

Dear [Honorific]. [First name] [Last name],

Examples of how to address a cover letter

These are all examples of an acceptable greeting for a cover letter:

• Dr. Alison Choudary,
• Dear Human Resources Manager,
• Dear Revolve Marketing Team,
• Dear Prof. Rivera,
• Dear Sierra, 
• Ms. Cleo Thet,

Regardless of whether you can find the name of the hiring manager or not, you can still include a professional greeting when addressing your cover letter. While the way you address your cover letter will not likely convince someone to hire you, a greeting with dated or unprofessional language can easily discourage a hiring manager from taking your application seriously. You can use only a first name or add a salutation and honorific depending on your preference. 

Tips for addressing a cover letter

Use these tips to make sure your greeting is relevant and appropriate to the position:

• Avoid phrases like ‘to whom it may concern’ or any other excessively formal language when possible.
• Consider addressing the team you will be working with as a group if you do not have the name of your contact for the job.
• If you have already communicated with the hiring manager, look at their email signature to see how they prefer to be addressed. For example, if the hiring manager signs their emails as ‘Mr. Dunlap,’ that is an indication that you should call him that as opposed to his full name.
• When writing your cover letter or adapting it for a new position, make sure that every section including the greeting is professional and purposeful.

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• Resume and Cover Letter
• How to Address a Cover Letter...

How to Address a Cover Letter to Recruiter or Hiring Manager

5 min read · Updated on November 24, 2021

Knowing how to effectively address a cover letter makes you a very visible and appealing candidate.

Did you know that the cardinal rule of cover letters is personalization? It impresses a hiring manager or recruiter because it tells them you took time to research the specific information for the letter rather than sending a generic version.

What many people forget, however, is that the greeting or salutation in a cover letter must also be personalized with the hiring professional's first and last name whenever possible.

There are several effective ways to find the hiring manager's name for your greeting — and some acceptable back-up strategies when you can't. Either way, knowing how to address a cover letter effectively can prevent you from ending your hiring chances before they even begin. 

When you know the hiring manager's name

More often than not, you'll be given the name of the hiring professional or the manager that you'll work for. Whoever it is, use their full name (first and last name) in the greeting. 

If you cannot definitively tell the gender of the hiring person, do not use a gender-based title such as “Mr.” or “Ms.” in the greeting. Instead just use the person's full name.

For example, Alex Johnson could be male or female. To avoid a gender mistake, use Dear Alex Johnson, Hello Alex Johnson, or simply Alex Johnson .

However, professional titles such as “Professor” or “Dr.” are definitely acceptable as a cover letter salutation and should be used as a sign of respect. Be on the lookout for these and other titles to include.

How to find a hiring manager's name for your cover letter

If you're not given the name of the hiring manager, here are some effective ways to discover their name by using:

The job description: Check this document for the hiring manager's name. While it's not generally listed, you never know. If it's not obvious, there's also a trick to quickly discover an email in the job description that might contain the name; while in the document, press Ctrl +F or run Command + F and search for the @ symbol.

An email address: If you discover an email address, it may not have a full name but rather a first initial and last name or just a first name like [email protected] or [email protected] . A Google search combining the person's name as shown in the email and the company name might find you the person's full name.

 A LinkedIn post: A name connected to the LinkedIn job posting is probably that of the hiring professional who posted it, so use that name in your greeting.

The supervisor's title: It's more likely that a job description will list who the new hire will report to — such as the director of accounting — without listing a name. In this case, there are several search options:

Search the company's website for listings of staff members by title.

Run an advanced LinkedIn or Google search for all directors of accounting at that specific company.

Check with your network for someone who might know the person's name or search the appropriate professional networking sites.

Contact the company by phone or email. Tell them you're applying for [job title] and want to address your cover letter to the right person.

In the end, this research can be the difference between making a great first impression and getting noticed for the position — or getting totally ignored by the hiring manager. 

Acceptable options in lieu of a name

If you try the steps above and come up empty, there are still some alternative greeting options that will put you in a professional light.

The idea is to show that you've read the job description and tailored your greeting based on the company department where the job is located, the hiring manager's title, or the team with which you'll potentially work.

Some good examples include:

Dear Head of Design

Hello IT Department

Dear Accounting Manager

To Company ABC Recruiter/Hiring Professional

Hello Marketing Hiring Team

Dear Customer Support Hiring Group

Dear Human Resources

If you still can't find any specific name or department information, go with “Dear Hiring Manager.” It sounds professional and it's not gender-specific. In fact, a recent survey of over 2000 companies by Saddleback College showed that 40 percent preferred “Dear Hiring Manager” as the best greeting when a manager's name can't be found. 

“Dear Sir or Madam” is another option that works because it's gender-neutral and respectful. However, it sounds a bit old-fashioned and may signal a hiring professional that you're an older worker or just not aware of other greeting options. It's perfectly acceptable, but the better choice is “Dear Hiring Manager.” 

In the end, an actual name or any of the alternative examples will let you stand out from the crowd, so do your best to find and use those whenever you can.

Never leave the greeting blank

Whatever information you may or may not find, it's important to never leave your greeting line blank.

A blank greeting line can make you come across as lazy or rude, or imply that you simply don't understand how to write a cover letter — all of which will immediately put you out of contention for the job. There's no reason to leave the greeting blank when there are so many options that can be used effectively.

When you spend the time and effort to personalize your cover letter, you don't want to come across as “just another candidate” by using a generic greeting or no greeting at all.

A personalized greeting will impress any hiring professional, increasing the chance they'll read your entire cover letter — and ask you for an interview.

Not sure if your cover letter is cutting it? Our writers don't just help you with your resume . 

Recommended Reading:

Do Hiring Managers Actually Read Cover Letters?

5 Things to Say in Your Cover Letter If You Want to Get the Job

How To Write a Cover Letter (With Example)

Related Articles:

How to Create a Resume With No Education

From Bland to Beautiful: How We Made This Professional's Resume Shine

See how your resume stacks up.

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Cover Letters 101: Should You Address Your Letter ‘To Whom It May Concern’?

W hen applying for jobs, the way you start your cover letter sets the tone for a good first impression. Many applicants wonder if they should stick with the old “To Whom It May Concern.” This phrase has been around for ages, but times have changed, and so have the expectations in the job market. Here’s why “To Whom It May Concern” might not be the best idea anymore and offers some smart alternatives to help your application catch an employer’s eye.

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Key Takeaways

• “To Whom It May Concern” might be considered outdated and overly impersonal in today’s job market.
• Personalizing your cover letter by addressing it to a specific person shows initiative and attention to detail.
• There are several strategies to find the appropriate contact person if the job listing doesn’t provide a name.
• Alternatives to “To Whom It May Concern” can help make a positive impression on your potential employer.
• Tailoring your approach can enhance your career prospects and contribute to long-term wealth by increasing your chances of securing well-suited positions.

How To Make a Good Impression Beyond ‘To Whom It May Concern’

The job application process is your opportunity to demonstrate your professionalism, attention to detail and communication skills. Starting off on the right foot can have a positive impact on your career trajectory and, by extension, your long-term financial success. Here are some tips and alternatives to “To Whom It May Concern” that can help you make a lasting impression:

1. Do Your Homework

Before addressing your cover letter, take the time to research the company and find out who the hiring manager or the head of the department is. LinkedIn and the company’s website are excellent resources for this. Addressing the letter directly to this person shows that you’ve made an effort to understand the company and its team.

2. Use a Specific Job Title

If you cannot find a specific name, addressing the letter to a job title or department can still personalize your approach. For example, “Dear Hiring Manager” or “Dear Human Resources Department” are preferable to the impersonal “To Whom It May Concern.”

3. Opt for a Warm Greeting

In cases where a direct name or title isn’t available, consider starting with a warm, yet professional greeting. “Dear Team at [Company Name]” can convey both respect and a personal touch.

4. When in Doubt, Ask

If the job listing provides a contact number or email for queries, don’t hesitate to reach out and ask for the name of the hiring manager. This not only provides you with the correct name but also demonstrates your proactive nature.

Alternatives to ‘To Whom It May Concern’

If “To Whom It May Concern” isn’t cutting it, try these more personal options. They show you’re paying attention and you care:

• “Dear Hiring Manager,”
• “Dear [Department] Team,”
• “Dear [Company Name] Team,”
• “Greetings,”

Adding a personal touch right from the start can make your cover letter shine. After you’ve picked your opening, don’t forget to personalize the rest of your letter too.

When ‘To Whom It May Concern’ Is the Right Choice

There are few situations in job applications where “To Whom It May Concern” might still fit. This can happen when you’re applying to a large organization where the hiring team is not specified and you’ve exhausted all resources trying to find a certain contact.

It can also be relevant when submitting general inquiries to a company’s career department without applying for a specific role. In these cases, “To Whom It May Concern” can act as a formal and respectful way to address your cover letter, showing that you’ve made an effort to be professional in the absence of those details.

Make Small Changes To See Big Results

Taking the time to personalize your cover letter is more than a mere formality; it’s an investment in your career. By showing that you care about the details and are genuinely interested in the position, you’re more likely to capture the attention of potential employers. This not only increases your chances of landing an interview but also positions you as a strong candidate in a competitive job market.

Choosing a different opening for your cover letter is a simple change that can have big rewards. It can help you stand out and show you’re serious about the job. This can lead to interviews and, eventually, job offers. Landing a job that matches your skills and goals can really boost your happiness at work and your financial security. Choosing to skip “To Whom It May Concern” could be a small step toward a bigger, better career .

Editor's note: This article was produced via automated technology and then fine-tuned and verified for accuracy by a member of GOBankingRates' editorial team.

This article originally appeared on GOBankingRates.com : Cover Letters 101: Should You Address Your Letter ‘To Whom It May Concern’?

How To Write a Cover Letter With Examples

Cover letters can help differentiate you from other job applicants and be the determining factor of landing your dream job. By taking the time to craft a custom cover letter, a single sheet of paper can help communicate all the human elements that a resume may fall short of capturing about yourself. 

But what do employers and recruiters have to say about how to write a cover letter? What are the best tips they have to offer for graduate students who are writing a cover letter?

We asked 11 employers for their best cover letter tips. Here is what they had to share.

Let it Set the Stage

In many ways, cover letters should provide background information and context to your resume, while simultaneously addressing how that resume addresses the specific requirements of the job opportunity. The cover letter is your opportunity to "set the stage" and to convince the hiring manager why your specific set of skills, experiences and interests will provide value to their team and its objectives.

Andrew Horrigan '11 BSBA (Management Information Systems), Product Manager at Cisco

Research the Hiring Manager

If possible, find out who the hiring manager is and look them up on LinkedIn. Do your research on the company you're applying for. What's their mission statement and how do they portray their company culture? Hopefully what you're looking for in a job is reflected by those things. Make sure the hiring manager knows that and understands who you are and what drives you. A resume is often about as robotic as things can be. Make sure your cover letter is the opposite—personalize it and let yourself shine through.

Joshua Schlag ’05 BS (Computer Science) ’11 MBA, Digital Marketing Manager at Pyramid Analytics

Utilize Career Development Resources

The University of Arizona and Eller College of Management go to great lengths to make sure students are prepared for their impending career journey. Because cover letters are so important to getting your foot in the door, there are several career development resources online and on campus to take advantage of. The university’s cover letter builder serves as a nice template to get started. And of course, it never hurts to make an appointment with an Eller Career Coach through eSMS to have a professional review your letter before submission. 

Brett Farmiloe, ’06 BSBA (Accounting), Founder, Featured

Discover Past Samples of the Position

Do your research on the company and personalize your cover letter to the role for which you are applying. Don't be afraid to Google, "How to write a good cover letter for X position." Seriously, it helps! There is so much information out there from various perspectives—applicants, hiring managers, etc. Most importantly be yourself and let your personality come through. And don't forget to spell check!

Mariam Nikola '17 MS MIS, Consultant at Point B

Highlight Your Soft Skills

When writing a professional cover letter, there are a couple things you can do to set yourself apart from the pack. First, make sure you tailor your letter to the specific position you are applying for. This should not be a general, "one size fits all" letter—be sure to discuss specific details surrounding the role or the company itself. Secondly, this is an opportunity for you to show a little bit of your personality. Obviously, you want to remain professional, but this is a great time to highlight some of your soft skills that might not be fully conveyed through your resume.  

Brian Ellis ’17 BSBA (Management), Staffing Manager at Randstad Office and Administrative Professionals

Fill in the “Why” Gaps

As a talent advisor, I review a lot of applicants and agree that a cover letter can be a great way to stand apart, if it is done correctly. A great cover letter for me covers the ‘why’ that I cannot understand from just a resume alone. It should clearly state why you are interested in the role, what your goals are for utilizing your graduate degree (if recently graduated) and explain any career pivots reflected on your resume. If you answer those questions in a direct, concise manner it will add value to your application.

Monica Larson , ’11 BSBA (Marketing) ‘20 MBA, Talent Advisor

Tell Your Story

A cover letter is your opportunity to tell your story—tying your experience and personal interests into why you want a position and why you are the best candidate for it. Paint the picture of your journey and what about the position excites you personally and professionally. Similar to your resume, keep it short and sweet. No need to repeat what’s already on your resume. Recruiters and hiring managers don’t have time to comb through a novel, so you need to engage them with as few words as possible while also grabbing their attention.

Kelly Castoro, ’06 BA (Spanish, Portuguese), Project Manager at Squarespace

Tailor Each Cover Letter to the Position You Are Applying

Be sure to research the role and customize your cover letter for each position, relating your experience to the particular role you are applying for. Personalization is key—research who you are sending the cover letter to and address the letter to them directly. End your letter with a call to action, stating you will follow up by phone or email if you haven’t heard from anyone. Follow ups are very important! 

Jessica Rosenzweig, ’15 BSBA (Business Management), Account Manager at PeopleWare Staffing

Communicate Bankability and Personality 

Your cover letter answers two crucial questions; are you bankable and are you someone the company will enjoy working with? Communicate bankability with your knowledge of the company, industry and why your skills, capabilities and interests are a great fit. Share your passion for their mission, culture, brand—whatever excites you about becoming a member of their team.  

When conveyed through a concise, well-formulated, well-worded cover letter, you demonstrate the ability to write an effective business case—communicating that you are a ready professional and worthy teammate who will hit the ground running.

Theresa L Garcia, ’83 BSBA (Human Resources), Senior Change Management and Organization Capability Consultant at Boeing

Keep it Concise but Compelling

A cover letter is your chance to speak directly to the hiring team and tell them why you are not only the best match for the position for which you are applying but also give them additional insight into yourself as an individual that is less visible from your experience.

A great cover letter should be attention grabbing and touch upon the qualities that make you stand out from others in the applicant pool, highlight both your recent and most distinguished accomplishments and drive home why you are the right person for the job. Professionalism is always important, but don’t be hesitant to put your voice into the letter to let your personality shine through. Research the company, understand where they currently are, where they are going and show why you are the right person to get them from point A to point B. Recruiters spend a lot of time reviewing applicants and making yourself stand apart from the crowd is key. Keep it concise but compelling!

Matt Reineberg, ’14 BSBA (Marketing), Senior Talent Acquisition Sourcer at Cox Enterprises

Highlight the “Why”

Why are you applying to this company? Why do you want this position? Your cover letter should aim to answer the why behind applying for the job. Conveying an interest and excitement for working specifically for this job at this company, rather than a desire to get any job anywhere that will give you money, can go a long way. Show the company that they should hire you and your passion over someone that might have the skills needed for the job, but doesn’t care about the work as much as you do. 

Ryan Nouis, Trupath 

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Innovative Cover Letter Strategies for 2024

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By:  Aurora Nightly

Published: Mar 22, 2024

The importance of leveraging innovative cover letter strategies can’t be overstated. With the job market evolving rapidly, technology continuing to reshape recruitment processes, and competition growing fiercer by the day, students and professionals must adapt their approaches to cover letter writing to remain relevant and impactful.

Below, you’ll find various inventive techniques for approaching cover letters that will effectively showcase your skills, experiences, and unique value propositions to prospective employers.

Understanding ATS

First, it’s important to understand what Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) are and how they’re used. The main goal of ATS is to streamline recruitment by scanning resumes and cover letters for relevant keywords and qualifications. So, to optimize your application’s chances getting noticed, you need to tailor your cover letter to align with ATS requirements. That involves incorporating industry-specific terms and highlighting relevant skills and experiences.

It’s also important to proper format your cover letters and make their content as clear as possible, which will improve readability for ATS (and for hiring managers). So, opt for a clean, easy-to-read layout that makes your content stand out. Use a standard font style and size, such as Arial or Times New Roman, to ensure readability across different devices and platforms. Next, maintain consistent formatting throughout your cover letter, including margins, spacing, and alignment. You can also use bullet points to highlight key achievements or qualifications for quick reference.

Personalizing and Customizing

Personalizing and customizing your cover letters significantly enhance your job application. Just like  you would  tailor your resume  to fit a specific job description, your cover letter should also be customized for each application. One way to do this is to address hiring managers by name and reference specific details about the company or the job position. This demonstrates your genuine interest and attention to detail. Also, consider mentioning recent company achievements, projects, or values that resonate with you. In addition, provide concrete examples, showcasing how your skills and experiences align with the job requirements. Finally, make sure to express your enthusiasm for this specific role.

Storytelling

Embracing a storytelling approach in your cover letter can elevate your job application to new heights. By weaving a narrative that showcases your professional journey and accomplishments, you engage hiring managers on a deeper level. Sharing anecdotes that highlight your skills, challenges, and significant achievements ill attract their attention and create a memorable impression.

Storytelling also allows you to compellingly convey your passion and enthusiasm for the role. And crafting a narrative-driven cover letter makes you more relatable and demonstrates your communication skills. Finally, sharing stories about your experiences can provide talking points for a  successful future interview , helping you articulate your qualifications more effectively.

Highlighting Achievements

Effectively showcasing your achievements and accomplishments in your cover letter can significantly boost your chances of landing the job. Highlighting quantifiable accomplishments demonstrates your tangible contributions and value to potential employers. So, strive to include specific examples and metrics to illustrate the impact of your work, such as increasing sales revenue by a certain percentage or completing projects ahead of schedule. Emphasizing your successful track record will capture hiring managers’ attention and differentiate yourself from other candidates. Moreover, showcasing your achievements reinforces your credibility and suitability for the role.

Adding Multimedia Elements

Exploring the integration of multimedia elements into your cover letter can provide a unique edge in today’s competitive job market. For example, consider incorporating links to your online portfolio or online videos that showcase your skills or achievements. However, you must ensure compatibility and professionalism when multimedia is included in your application. So, opt for formats that are widely accessible and easily viewed across different devices and platforms.

Demonstrating Industry Knowledge

Demonstrating industry knowledge in your cover letter is a great way to show potential employers that you’re informed and engaged. So, stay up to date on the latest trends, developments, and challenges in your field by regularly reading industry publications and following relevant blogs or forums. If it makes sense to, you might include specific examples of industry insights or trends in your cover letter, showcasing your understanding of the industry or role. You might also want to highlight any relevant certifications, courses, or workshops you’ve completed to demonstrate your commitment to staying informed. Finally, you could discuss how your knowledge can benefit the company, whether it’s by offering innovative solutions or adapting quickly to industry changes.

Originally published by The Vault .

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How To Write a Cover Letter in 2024

Home Blog others How To Write a Cover Letter in 2024

Do you want to demonstrate to your prospective employers that you are highly interested in their organization? Then, the best thing you can do is to learn how to write a cover letter! While every job applicant will send a resume, only those genuinely excited about the positions will take the time to write a cover letter.

Approximately 77% of recruiters prefer to hire candidates who submit cover letters, even when it is mentioned as optional. As an HR executive in a reputable company, I consider cover letters to be valuable sources for assessing candidates.

When I was searching for a job in my early days, I enrolled in  KnowledgeHut online training courses to boost my skills and knowledge. Then, I considered cover letters redundant additions to a grueling job hunt. I have already shown my skills and experience gained with my certification. Do I need to reiterate them? Surprisingly, the answer is a BIG YES!

A cover letter is a competitive advantage for your job application, as it explains career gaps, provides prospective ideas, and establishes a connection with the recruiters. Now, are you wondering how to write a cover letter? In this guide, I will walk you through the approach of writing a cover letter that will get you noticed more by employers, inching your way closer to your dream job.

What is a Cover Letter?

Are you seeking a job in this competitive era? The job application process can be long and exhilarating. You find yourself repeatedly attaching your resume and copying the information it contains into the form on the website. Nevertheless, you cannot skip the part of adding a cover letter to your applications.

Now, what exactly is a cover letter? A cover letter is a one-page document that serves as an introduction of yourself to the recruiter. The document comprises a summary of your achievements, qualifications, skills, and personal qualities. It gives you the chance to stay top of mind with the recruiters and prioritize your candidacy for the role.

If you learn how to write a cover letter to accompany your resume, you can demonstrate your passion for the position to the employer, which will help you stand out from the candidates whose applications didn’t have one.

While learning how to write a cover letter,   I wondered to myself – Does my recruiter even read these pieces? Yes!

A recent study from ResumeLab shows that 64% of job vacancies require sample cover letters for job applications. The bottom line is that a cover letter is a valuable tool for your job search collateral. Learn to nail your cover letter, and you could get hired for your dream role.

Why is a Cover Letter Important?

Are cover letters necessary? I hear this question a lot during workshops and on social media platforms. There is much debate on whether cover letters are still relevant. Before you learn how to write a cover letter , let me tell you the fact—cover letters are as important as your resume/CV. Why? Fishbowl by Glassdoor finds that 42% of participants might consider a cover letter a necessary toolkit in a job application.

Here, I have revealed the importance of a cover letter and some benefits .

Impress Employers

Learning how to write a cover letter is the primary benefit. It will allow you to make a fine first impression on employees. A well-crafted cover letter will demonstrate your role-specific strengths and spark recruiters' interest in reading your resume.

Provides Context to your CV

Including a cover letter with your job application adds context to your CV and will help you address employment gaps in your career. Whether you took time to further your education or due to personal responsibilities, a cover letter is the perfect space to mention the reason.

Showcases your Personality

Your CV/resume is a document filled with facts. However, when you learn how to write a cover letter, you can bring your personality and skills to life. You can use the space to demonstrate your positive personal qualities, such as leadership and self-motivation, and other traits that might add value to the organization.

Build a Strong Relationship with the Employer

A compelling cover letter is a powerful tool for building strong relationships with employers. It allows you to demonstrate how your career goals align with the organization's interests. The employer will appreciate your unique blend of experience, skills, and personality, giving a glimpse into how you will make the position and company a better place.

How To Write a Cover Letter

You sit down to write a cover letter, open a document, browse good cover letter examples, and finally search on Google – how to write a cover letter, which possibly brings you here. When I was an active job seeker, I used to break into a cold sweat whenever I sat down and pondered how to write a cover letter.   To ensure your letter is in its best format, I've got easy-to-follow steps plus examples below. Let’s dive in!

Step 1 – Extensive Research

Before you begin with how to write a cover letter,   thoroughly read the job description, the requirements of the job, and about the organization. According to a survey, 49%  of HR managers consider your cover letter to be one of the best ways to draw attention to your CV. I always advise aspirants to check out the job description and consider the following while writing their cover letter:

• What are the priorities of the company?
• What are the goals for the role?
• What accomplishments from your previous roles match the objectives of the current role?
• What are the company's key phrases?

This will help you customize your cover letter, provide a better narrative to impress the hiring manager and demonstrate that you are a better fit for the role.

Step 2 – Clear Header

In the cover letter, you need to include a clear header with information about yourself. The details should include

• Your first and last name
• Phone number
• Email address
• Name of the hiring manager, tile, city, and state of the company you're applying for.

In addition, you can also add professional social media accounts like LinkedIn or a link to your portfolio of professional websites.

Step 3 – Address with Proper Salutation or Greetings

While writing your cover letter, make sure to address a real person by their name. It will make the letter personal and show the recruiters that you took time and effort in your research. You can simply make a greeting with ‘Hello (name)’. In certain cases, if you cannot find their name, you can use the following:

Step 4 – Engaging Introduction

Now, it's time to write an intro paragraph that should captivate the attention of your reader. In this stanza, you will state who you are, what role you are applying for, and why you have chosen the company.

You can lead this pace by mentioning an impressive accomplishment or featuring a belief statement that matches the values and goals of the employer. In other terms, you can show your passion and enthusiasm to market yourself as a driven candidate.

Step 5 – Explain your Skill Set

Take advantage of this section and prove to the prospective employer how your background and experience make you the best fit for the role. This section is extremely important if you are switching careers. Highlight your relevant achievements in your cover letter and explain how you can help the company address challenges and accomplish goals.

Step 6 – Closing Paragraph

The conclusion section of your cover letter is a call to action for employers. Rather than making an uninspiring finish, paint a picture of what it will be like to work with you. In the middle section, you have already laid out persuasive arguments and undeniable, impressive facts. Use the conclusion section as your final opportunity to describe some of your characteristics.

Step 7 – Closing Salutation

Don’t forget to close the letter using a formal signature. You can use terms like "Sincerely," "Regards," or "Best" for a professional sign-off. You can use your first and last name as your signature.

Step 8 – Proofreading

Proofreading your letter is as important as learning how to write a cover letter.   Make sure it's error-free before you send it to the prospective employer. If possible, ask peers to review it for you, which will help you catch any tangled issues.

Step 9 – ATS Optimization

Nowadays, most recruiters use ATS (Application Tracking System) to screen applications and shortlist suitable candidates. Through the ATS database, your hiring manager will search for specific skills or keywords. Hence, make sure to optimize your cover letter to match the search criteria and secure a position in the list of top candidates. To optimize your cover letter, you should:

• Carefully read the job description.
• Take note of relevant skills and keywords.
• Incorporate the keywords into the cover letter.

Examples of Cover Letter

Whether you want a sample for a cover letter with no experience or for a skilled professional, you can find countless templates in the digital space. These will help you to learn how to highly hone your skills and express your passion for the job. To help you out, I have compiled some good examples of cover letters for your reference.

Sample 1: Sample Cover letter

Sample 2: Cover letter for Graduates

Sample 3: Cover letter with no experience

Sample 4: Cover letter explaining the gap in your CV

Sample 5: Cover letter for career transition

Sample 6: Cover letter for internships

Pro Tips for Writing a Cover Letter

I have read thousands of cover letters in my career. If you think that sounds like a boring one, you are right. What I can tell you is most aspirants are terrible in their cover letters, which squandered their opportunities. A cover letter should be written in the right way to increase your chances of getting an interview.

So, let me give you some pro tips on how to write a cover letter in the right way!

• Keep it brief – Your cover letter should not be more than one page and include only four paragraphs. Excess or little information will frustrate the employer, leaving a bad impression on your application.
• Focus on format— Always use standard business letter format when writing cover letters. They should look professional. Don’t underline, italicize, or bold anything that is not consistent information.
• Be confident— Avoid using phrases like ‘I believe’ or ‘I feel’. Instead, use phrases like ‘I am confident’ or ‘I am positive’ to show your confidence to the employer.
• Count on customization- Your cover letter should be specific to the job requirements for which you are applying. If you are answering a job position, try to include the relevant keywords in your cover letter. Instead of using the general ‘to whom it may concern’, try to address the letter to the hiring authority.

So, you've found a job vacancy that fits your skills the best. You feel like you will excel in the role, and the company seems like a great platform for which to work. While you plan to customize your resume, don’t forget to learn how to write a cover letter!

A cover letter is your first, maybe your only chance to impress the employer. However, don't let that fact intimidate you. I always consider a cover letter as an opportunity to shine. It gives a glimpse of your success, personality, experience, and enthusiasm, which all play a pivotal part in helping you land the dream job.

When you learn how to write a cover letter,   be honest, genuine, and professional.

While you have learned about how to write a cover letter, have you thought of upskilling yourself for a better career path? I recommend every aspirant to enroll in  Online Free Training Courses ! The certificate program is designed to prepare you for professional examinations or assessments related to our field.

Join the course today and stay ahead of the competition!

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Yes, you need to learn how to write a resume cover letter. Experts say cover letters play a vital role in hiring decisions. Most employers consider cover letters an important part of any aspirant’s toolkit. A cover letter is a robust medium where you convey your skills, commitment, and enthusiasm to the recruiter. It will make you stand out from applicants with the same background and experience.

Learning how to create a cover letter is primary. The purpose is to convince the employer that you are a great candidate, encouraging them to read your resume and interview you. The cover letter complements your resume/CV by making it easy for employers to see how your interests and experience suit the position. It offers the prospective employer a glimpse of your passion and skills.

Once you learn how to write a good cover letter, you might ponder its perfect length. Generally, a cover letter should be between half a page and a full page long. Make sure to aim for 250-400 words, encompassing three to six paragraphs. For instance, if you are an entry-level candidate, aiming for 200 words for a cover letter can be ideal. It allows the candidates to provide a concise explanation of their experience, skills, and what they can offer to the organization.

Abhresh Sugandhi

Abhresh is specialized as a corporate trainer, He has a decade of experience in technical training blended with virtual webinars and instructor-led session created courses, tutorials, and articles for organizations. He is also the founder of Nikasio.com, which offers multiple services in technical training, project consulting, content development, etc.

Avail your free 1:1 mentorship session.

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Will Your Car Insurance Pay for Damage Caused by a Pothole?

The answer comes down to what type of coverage you have

Your comprehensive car insurance may cover damage to hard parts of the car, such as suspension components, but it won’t typically cover wear-and-tear items such as tires. If you have collision coverage, insurance might pay for tire replacement, but you’ll have to first pay a deductible and run the risk of increasing your insurance premium. However, tire protection is often offered for a low fee by car insurance companies, and it is sometimes included when buying replacement tires in a  road hazard warranty .

Such protections and other free perks can sway you to purchase from one tire retailer over another, but be sure you understand the restrictions before putting much weight on this benefit. Typically, the customer still has to pay for mounting, balancing, and disposal. That said, our tire experts feel that a  road hazard warranty  can be good protection, especially if you live in a pothole-plagued area and/or have expensive, short-sidewall tires.

Ultimately, the best protection against pothole damage is awareness, followed by speed moderation, a spare tire, and road hazard protection.

But there is one more trick: Run-flat tires are a good hedge against pothole damage. If one loses air pressure, you can safely drive for about 50 miles—plenty of distance to seek assistance on most routes. However, run-flats tend to ride stiffly, and because they are less common, finding a matching replacement tire while traveling can be a challenge.

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Have You Ever Experienced Damage from a Pothole That Required Repair to Your Car?

• Yes, suspension

More Car Questions Answered • Should You Buy a Car With a Rebuilt Title? • Should You Warm Up Your Car Before Driving? •  What Is a Reasonable Life Span for a Modern Car? •  What Happens If You Turn Off Your Car While Driving? • How to Get Rid of the Musty Smell From Your Car’s Air Conditioner

Jeff S. Bartlett

Jeff S. Bartlett is the managing editor for the autos team at Consumer Reports. He has been with CR since 2005. Previously, Jeff served as the online editorial director of Motor Trend for 11 years. Throughout his career, Jeff has driven thousands of cars, many on racetracks around the globe. Follow him on Twitter @JeffSBartlett .

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Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos Jr has ordered his government to strengthen its coordination on maritime security to confront "a range of serious challenges" to territorial integrity and peace, as a dispute with China escalates.

The head of Ukraine's largest private energy firm, DTEK, said on Saturday that five of its six plants had been damaged or destroyed with 80% of its generating capacity lost after two weeks of Russian attacks and that repairs could take up to 18 months.

Three United Nations observers and a translator were wounded on Saturday when a shell exploded near them as they were carrying out a foot patrol in south Lebanon, the U.N. peacekeeping mission said, adding it was still investigating the origin of the blast.

When your contact has an academic or professional title. There are times when you may want to replace "Mr." or "Ms." in your cover letter salutation with a different prefix. For example, if the person holds a Ph.D., it is considered more respectful to address them as "Dr. Last Name," instead of "Ms. Last Name.".

Rule #1: Address your cover letter to the hiring manager using a formal, full-name salutation (if possible). For a cover letter, you should always default to addressing it to the hiring manager for the position you're applying to. Unless you know for sure that the culture of the company is more casual, use the hiring manager's first and ...

Here are the most common ways to address a cover letter without a name: To Whom It May Concern. Dear Human Resources Director. Dear Hiring Manager. Dear Recruitment Manager. Additionally, if you want to add a personal touch, address your cover letter to your prospective department or manager.

What Title to Use. Even if you know the name and gender of the person to whom you are writing, think carefully about what title you will use in your salutation. For example, if the person is a doctor or holds a Ph.D., you might want to address your letter to "Dr. Lastname" rather than "Ms. Lastname" or "Mr. Lastname.".

Here's how to address a cover letter—. There's a right and wrong way. Way #1: The employer thinks, "This applicant's got a brain.". Way #2: She thinks, "Yuck. Another dud.". It's not rocket science. Just pick the right salutation and the right address cover letter format. In this guide, you'll learn: Who to address a cover ...

For example, 'Dear Austen Myers' is acceptable and considered a professional way to address a cover letter. If you know their gender and wish to use a title in the address, use either 'Ms.' or 'Mr.' to avoid inaccurately describing the recipient's marital status. For example, you'd write 'Dear Ms. Myers' rather than 'Dear ...

In that case, you can address your cover letter to the department, faculty, or the company. Alternatively, if you don't have enough information either about the department or the team, you can opt for addressing the cover letter directly to the company's hiring staff, as follows: Dear [Company Name] Hiring Team.

For example: Dear Walter Suárez, Dear Priya Hamid, If you are confident of the person's gender, you can use "Mr." or "Ms." Avoid using "Mrs." or "Miss" unless you know their marital status or preferred title. Follow their title with their last name. For example: Dear Mr. Suárez, Dear Ms. Hamid,

Hi Steve! Addressing a cover letter with "Hello" or "Hi" is a tad too informal for many companies. 2. Using Dear Sir or Madam. WRONG. Dear Sir or Madam, Don't use Dear Sir or Madam even if you're not sure who to address a cover letter to. It's a very outdated phrase, and it will make you look lazy. 3.

A cover letter is a formal document, and so it should be addressed as such. The most professional way to do this is with "Dear.". For example: Dear Mr. Miller, Dear Ms. Jones, Dear Dr. Lopez, If you don't know the person's gender or preferred pronouns, you can use their first name. For example: "Dear James Miller.".

When you're reading a job advert, you'll sometimes find the name and email address of the person you need to get in touch with directly in the ad. Look out for the section that says "For enquiries" or "Contact person". For example, the advert might say something like: "For more info, please contact Susan Wright at susan-wright ...

2. Second, choose a salutation. Including a salutation is optional and based on personal preference. One option for beginning your cover letter is to simply list the name of the hiring manager followed by a comma. 'Dear' followed by their name and a comma is also a professional way to open your greeting. You should avoid less casual ...

Whoever it is, use their full name (first and last name) in the greeting. If you cannot definitively tell the gender of the hiring person, do not use a gender-based title such as "Mr." or "Ms." in the greeting. Instead just use the person's full name. For example, Alex Johnson could be male or female. To avoid a gender mistake, use Dear ...

Use any academic or professional titles over Mr or Ms when addressing your cover letter. Writing the recipient's title and surname or a title and full name shows respect. You can write the title in full or use an accepted abbreviation. If your recipient has one of the following titles, make sure to include it:

The best way to address a cover letter is to use the full name of the hiring manager or contact to whom you are sending your resume and cover letter. Often, this information can be found in the job listing or directly on the company's website. Sometimes, you can even locate the contact name through social media or Google searches.

Never, ever address your cover letter with: Hi, hello, hey, hi there, yo, hey hey —You're not texting your Postmate. Dear HR professional —You're not a robot. To whom it may concern —This is not an open letter on HuffPost. Dear reader —You're not writing an advice column. Greetings and salutation s—You're not an actor from the ...

3 Key Tips for Addressing Your Cover Letter 1) Don't Address Your Cover Letter to the Recruiter. For many job openings, the first person you need to impress is a corporate recruiter. That doesn't mean you should address your cover letter to them. "Recruiters do not read cover letters," a long-time healthcare recruiter told Jobscan ...

When applying for jobs, the way you start your cover letter sets the tone for a good first impression. Many applicants wonder if they should stick with the old "To Whom It May Concern.". This ...

A cover letter is your opportunity to tell your story—tying your experience and personal interests into why you want a position and why you are the best candidate for it. Paint the picture of your journey and what about the position excites you personally and professionally. Similar to your resume, keep it short and sweet.

Personalizing and customizing your cover letters significantly enhance your job application. Just like you would tailor your resume to fit a specific job description, your cover letter should also be customized for each application. One way to do this is to address hiring managers by name and reference specific details about the company or the ...

Step 3 - Address with Proper Salutation or Greetings. While writing your cover letter, make sure to address a real person by their name. It will make the letter personal and show the recruiters that you took time and effort in your research. You can simply make a greeting with 'Hello (name)'.

Your username maybe be your email address. Passwords are 6-20 characters with at least one number and letter. ... Your comprehensive car insurance may cover damage to hard parts of the car, such ...

Earlier this month, Trump posted a $91.6 million bond to cover an $83.3 million defamation verdict for the writer E. Jean Carroll while he appeals, in a case that arose from his branding her a ...