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GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED

• Hawthorn House Hamstead Hall Road
• United Kingdom
• 70.22/9: Management consultancy activities (other than financial management) (UK SIC Classification 2007)
• 70.22: Business and other management consultancy activities (European Community NACE Rev 2)
• 7020: Management consultancy activities (UN ISIC Rev 4)

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Gurmat Yachts Ltd

Vessel Sale & Charter England

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GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED

• Age: 12 Year(s)
• Directors: 1
• Company No: 07993471
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GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED Credit Report

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Private limited with Share Capital

Active - Accounts Filed

16 March 2012

70229 Management consultancy activities other than financial management - Management consultancy activities other than financial management

Available to 22 Jan 2024. Next accounts due by 31 Dec 2024

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• C: 07993471

GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED

70229 - management consultancy activities other than financial management.

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GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED is a Private Limited Company incorporated on the 16/03/2012 and has the Company Number: 07993471 . The company's Country of Origin is: United Kingdom .

Company Status

Company address.

HAWTHORN HOUSE HAMSTEAD HALL ROAD BIRMINGHAM B20 1HX

Industry category

SIC Code 1: 70229 - Management consultancy activities other than financial management

Company Type

Private limited company.

Disclaimer: E&OE - To the best of my knowledge the information on this page is correct but I will not be held responsible if an error has occurred. companieshousedata.co.uk © 2015-2024 by Dan Eskildsen, Exec IT Data source: Companies House provided under the Open Government License. Cookies in use. Font generated by flaticon.com under CC BY . Author: Freepik .

GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED HAWTHORN HOUSE HAMSTEAD HALL ROAD BIRMINGHAM B20 1HX

GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED

GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED (Company No. 07993471) is listed with a Companies House status of Active, this company was incorporated on 16/03/2012 and has traded for more than 11 years. The Company is registered as a Private Limited Company with its registered office located at HAWTHORN HOUSE HAMSTEAD HALL ROAD BIRMINGHAM B20 1HX .

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GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED

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General Information

NAME GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED

COMPANY NUMBER 07993471

COMPANY TYPE Private limited with Share Capital

BUSINESS ACTIVITY (SIC) 70229 - Management consultancy activities other than financial management

INCORPORATION DATE 16/03/2012 (12years old)

WEBSITE www.gurmatyachts.co.uk

CONFIRMATION STATEMENT MADE UP TO 21/11/2023

ACCOUNTS MADE UP TO 31/03/2023

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PREVIOUS NAMES This company does not have any previous names.

Previous Names

Hawthorn House Hamstead Hall Road Birmingham B20 1HX B20 1HX Telephone: 70606228

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• Guided tour

River Cruise on Luxurious Radisson Boat

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Equipped with ice-breaking technology, these huge fancy yachts are the only river cruisers running all year around. The round trip journey takes two and a half hours and floats past all the big sights like the White House, Novodevichy monastery and the Kremlin. There’s a large open air observation deck up top, while the main body of the ship houses a restaurant with a dance floor for a romantic post dinner dance. For a particularly romantic experience take one of the evening boats and admire the bright lights of the city skyline at night.

The most relaxing and picturesque tour that Moscow can offer: a great way to see the city center and its main attractions. This is a perfect alternative to exploring the city by car, if you only have time to do sightseeing during weekday rush hours.

Your English-speaking guide is eager to share every bit of their knowledge about the surrounding landscape, the architecture and historical details.

We conduct Moscow river tour on Radisson Flotilla boats all year around!  It’s warm inside during winter months, while there’s air conditioning during hot summer days. You may also treat yourself to drinks, lunch or dinner on board (drinks and food are not included in tour price).

The cost of an excursion with a personal guide for 1 person

Quay at Radisson Collection Hotel

Government Headquarters ("the White House")

Kievsky Railway Central

Novodevichy Convent

Luzhniki Stadium

Academy of Sciences

Monument to Peter I

Cathedral of Christ the Saviour

Moscow Kremlin

St.Basil's Cathedral

Novospassky Monastery

U-turn and back to Quay at Radisson Royal Hotel

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Who's going.

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Harkamal Singh Sandhu

List of companies where Harkamal Singh Sandhu was involved. Free company director check. Harkamal Singh Sandhu currently holds the position of a Director (YACHT MANAGER) in GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED. He has been a Director (YACHT MANAGER) of GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED for 12 years.

Harkamal Singh Sandhu timeline

Director details.

MR HARKAMAL SINGH SANDHU HAMSTEAD HALL ACADEMY CRAYTHORNE AVENUE HANDSWORTH WOOD, BIRMINGHAM Nationality: BRITISH

Country of residence: UNITED KINGDOM

Current Appointments of Harkamal Singh Sandhu

Gurmat yachts limited.

Harkamal Singh Sandhu has been working at GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED since 16 March 2012, currently, he/she works on the position of a Director (YACHT MANAGER).

Company address: GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED HAWTHORN HOUSE, HAMSTEAD HALL ROAD, BIRMINGHAM, B20 1HX

Previous Appointments of Harkamal Singh Sandhu

Harkamal Singh Sandhu worked as a Director (CHARTERED ACCOUNTANT) in HAMSTEAD HALL ACADEMY TRUST

Company address: HAMSTEAD HALL ACADEMY TRUST HAMSTEAD HALL ACADEMY CRAYTHORNE AVENUE, HANDSWORTH WOOD, BIRMINGHAM, B20 1HL

People with surname SANDHU

• AABID HUSSAIN KHAN SANDHU - 106 MOSELEY ROAD, BIRMINGHAM
• AAMANDEEP SANDHU - PHOENIX SQUARE MIDLAND STREET, LEICESTER
• AAMANDEEP SINGH SANDHU - 147 CRANBROOK ROAD, ILFORD
• AAMANDEEP SINGH SANDHU - PHOENIX SQUARE MIDLAND STREET, LEICESTER
• AAMER RAZZAQ SANDHU - TWO WHEATON CENTER APT 808, WHEATON
• AARONDEEP SANDHU - 12 ELLIS PARK DRIVE BINLEY, COVENTRY
• AARONDEEP SANDHU - 77 LINCOLN ROAD, PETERBOROUGH
• AARONDEEP SINGH SANDHU - 12 ELLIS PARK DRIVE BINLEY, COVENTRY
• AARONDEEP SINGH SANDHU - 77 LINCOLN ROAD, PETERBOROUGH

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Cruising the Moskva River: A short guide to boat trips in Russia’s capital

There’s hardly a better way to absorb Moscow’s atmosphere than on a ship sailing up and down the Moskva River. While complicated ticketing, loud music and chilling winds might dampen the anticipated fun, this checklist will help you to enjoy the scenic views and not fall into common tourist traps.

How to find the right boat?

There are plenty of boats and selecting the right one might be challenging. The size of the boat should be your main criteria.

Plenty of small boats cruise the Moskva River, and the most vivid one is this yellow Lay’s-branded boat. Everyone who has ever visited Moscow probably has seen it.

This option might leave a passenger disembarking partially deaf as the merciless Russian pop music blasts onboard. A free spirit, however, will find partying on such a vessel to be an unforgettable and authentic experience that’s almost a metaphor for life in modern Russia: too loud, and sometimes too welcoming. Tickets start at $13 (800 rubles) per person.

Bigger boats offer smoother sailing and tend to attract foreign visitors because of their distinct Soviet aura. Indeed, many of the older vessels must have seen better days. They are still afloat, however, and getting aboard is a unique ‘cultural’ experience. Sometimes the crew might offer lunch or dinner to passengers, but this option must be purchased with the ticket. Here is one such  option  offering dinner for $24 (1,490 rubles).

If you want to travel in style, consider Flotilla Radisson. These large, modern vessels are quite posh, with a cozy restaurant and an attentive crew at your service. Even though the selection of wines and food is modest, these vessels are still much better than other boats.

Surprisingly, the luxurious boats are priced rather modestly, and a single ticket goes for $17-$32 (1,100-2,000 rubles); also expect a reasonable restaurant bill on top.

How to buy tickets?

Women holding photos of ships promise huge discounts to “the young and beautiful,” and give personal invitations for river tours. They sound and look nice, but there’s a small catch: their ticket prices are usually more than those purchased online.

“We bought tickets from street hawkers for 900 rubles each, only to later discover that the other passengers bought their tickets twice as cheap!”  wrote  (in Russian) a disappointed Rostislav on a travel company website.

Nevertheless, buying from street hawkers has one considerable advantage: they personally escort you to the vessel so that you don’t waste time looking for the boat on your own.

Prices start at $13 (800 rubles) for one ride, and for an additional $6.5 (400 rubles) you can purchase an unlimited number of tours on the same boat on any given day.

Flotilla Radisson has official ticket offices at Gorky Park and Hotel Ukraine, but they’re often sold out.

Buying online is an option that might save some cash. Websites such as  this   offer considerable discounts for tickets sold online. On a busy Friday night an online purchase might be the only chance to get a ticket on a Flotilla Radisson boat.

This  website  (in Russian) offers multiple options for short river cruises in and around the city center, including offbeat options such as ‘disco cruises’ and ‘children cruises.’ This other  website  sells tickets online, but doesn’t have an English version. The interface is intuitive, however.

Buying tickets online has its bad points, however. The most common is confusing which pier you should go to and missing your river tour.

“I once bought tickets online to save with the discount that the website offered,” said Igor Shvarkin from Moscow. “The pier was initially marked as ‘Park Kultury,’ but when I arrived it wasn’t easy to find my boat because there were too many there. My guests had to walk a considerable distance before I finally found the vessel that accepted my tickets purchased online,” said the man.

There are two main boarding piers in the city center:  Hotel Ukraine  and  Park Kultury . Always take note of your particular berth when buying tickets online.

Where to sit onboard?

Even on a warm day, the headwind might be chilly for passengers on deck. Make sure you have warm clothes, or that the crew has blankets ready upon request.

The glass-encased hold makes the tour much more comfortable, but not at the expense of having an enjoyable experience.

Getting off the boat requires preparation as well. Ideally, you should be able to disembark on any pier along the way. In reality, passengers never know where the boat’s captain will make the next stop. Street hawkers often tell passengers in advance where they’ll be able to disembark. If you buy tickets online then you’ll have to research it yourself.

There’s a chance that the captain won’t make any stops at all and will take you back to where the tour began, which is the case with Flotilla Radisson. The safest option is to automatically expect that you’ll return to the pier where you started.

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GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED

Private limited company (Ltd.)

1 Shareholders View all shareholders »

Management consultancy activities other than financial management (70229)

Business Services Management Services Project Management Services Business management consultants Consulting

GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED is a Private limited company (Ltd.) company based in HAWTHORN HOUSE HAMSTEAD HALL ROAD, United Kingdom, which employs 1 people. The company started trading on 16 March 2012. The company registration number is 07993471, It’s main line of business activity is Management consultancy activities other than financial management, and the company is listed as Inactive. According to the latest confirmation statements submitted on the 2021-03-31, there are currently 1 directors.

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HAWTHORN HOUSE HAMSTEAD HALL ROAD , B20 1HX , United Kingdom

United Kingdom

Financial statements of GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED

According to GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED latest financial report submitted on 2021-03-31, the company has a Total-Assets of £100.00 , Net-Worth of £100.00 . Compared with the previous year, the company reported a Total-Assets increase of 0.0% , which is an equivalent of 0 . At the same time, the Net-Worth went down by 0.0% , or by 0 .

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Reporting period, working capital, profit after tax, gurmat yachts limited business credit report.

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GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED Directors and key executives

GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED currently employs 1 people. In order to view contact information, including emails and phone numbers for all the employees working at GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED and to export them in XL or to your existing CRM, you can subscribe to our platform here .

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GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED Shareholders

There are currently 1 people with significant control at GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED . One of of major shareholders of GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED is HARKAMAL SINGH SANDHU , which owns 100 ORDINARY shares, with a total value of 100 GBP .

GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED competitors:

Top 5 similar companies of GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED are VISTRA (UK) LIMITED , THE BIRCHMAN GROUP LIMITED , DIAMOND DIESELS INVESTMENTS LIMITED , DYBALL ASSOCIATES LIMITED , EVOLUTION COMPLETE BUSINESS SALES LIMITED . View and export all the competitor list of GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED by upgrading your account here .

VISTRA (UK) LIMITED

The birchman group limited, diamond diesels investments limited, dyball associates limited, evolution complete business sales limited, frequently asked questions regarding gurmat yachts limited, where is gurmat yachts limited registered office.

GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED is located at HAWTHORN HOUSE HAMSTEAD HALL ROAD, United Kingdom.

How can I contact GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED?

You can call GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED at the following number +442070******

How many people work at GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED?

According to the latest account statement, there are currently 1 of employees working for GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED.

What is the Business Credit Score of GURMAT YACHTS LIMITED and how reliable is the company?

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Harkamal Singh SANDHU

Filter appointments, total number of appointments 2, gurmat yachts limited (07993471), hamstead hall academy trust (08528845).

GURMAT (gurmat, mat, Sanskrit mati, i.e. counsel or tenets of the Guru, more specifically the religious principles laid down by the Guru) is a term which may in its essential sense be taken to be synonymous with Sikhism itself. It covers doctrinal, prescriptive and directional aspects of Sikh faith and praxis. Besides the basic theological structure, doctrine and tenets derived from the teachings of Guru Nanak and his nine successors, it refers to the whole Sikh way of life both in its individual and social expressions evolved over the centuries. Guidance received by Sikhs in their day today affairs from institutions established by the Gurus and by the community nurtured upon their teachings will also fall within the frame of gurmat.

In any exigency, the decision to be taken by the followers must conform to gurmat in its ideological and/or conventional assumptions. The `guru` in gurmat means the Ten Gurus of the Sikh faith as well as gurbdm, i.e. their inspired utterances recorded in the Guru Granth Sahib. The instruction {mat) of the Guru implies the teaching imparted through this holy word, and the example set by the Ten Gurus in person. Direction derived from these sources is a Sikh`s ultimate norm in shaping the course of his life, both in its sacred and secular aspects.

The spiritual path he is called upon to pursue should be oriented towards obtaining release, i.e. freedom from the dread bondage of repeated births and deaths, and standards of religious and personal conduct he must conform to in order to relate to his community and to society as a whole are all collectively subsumed in the concept of gurmat. Theologically, gurmat encompasses a strictly monotheistic belief. Faith in the Transcendent Being as the Supreme, indivisible reality without attributes is the first principle.The attributiveimmanent nature of the Supreme Being is also accepted in Sikh ism which posits power to create as one of the cardinal attributes of the Absolute or God of its conception.

The Creator brought into being the universe by his hukam or Will, without any intermediaries. Man, as the pinnacle of creation, is born with a divine spark; his liberation lies in the recognition of his own spiritual essence and immanence of the Divine in the cosmic order. Fulfilment comes with the curbing of one`s haumaior ego and cultivation of the discipline of ndm, i.e. absorption in God`s name, and of the humanitarian values of sevd, selfless service to fellow men, love and tolerance. The way of life prescribed by gurmut postulates faith in the teachings of gurbdm, perception of the Divine Will as the supreme law and honest performance of one`s duties as a householder, an essential obligation.

The first act suggested is prayer prayer in the form of recitation by the individual of gurbdm, thus participation in corporate service, or silent contemplation on the holy Word in one`s solitude. Kirat harm, vand chhaknd te ndm japnd is the formula which succinctly sums up what is required of a Sikh: he must work to earn his living, share with others the fruit of his exertion, and practise remembrance of God`s Name. Gurmat has evolved a tradition of observances and ceremonies for the Sikhs, mostly centred around the Holy Book, Guru Granth Sahib. Gurmat recognizes no priestly class as such.

Any of the Sikhs admitted to the sangat may lead any of the services. He may lead prayers, perform the wedding ceremony known as Anand Kara], and recite from the Guru Granth Sahib.The rites of passage, viz. ceremonies connected with the birth of a child, initiation, marriage and death, all take place in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib. They conclude with an ardds and the distribution of sacramental kardh prasdd. The recital of six stanzas from the Anand (lit. bliss) is wellnigh mandatory for all occasions, whether of joy or sorrow, wedding or death.

On the ethical plane, gurmat prescribes a code of dimes and moral virtues, coupled with the distinctive appearance made obligatory for the Khalsa. A Sikh becomes a full member of the Khalsa brotherhood after he has received the rites of initiation and the vows that go with it. Violation of any part of the code (particularly the four prohibitions) of the Khalsa is treated as disregard of gurmat and renders the offender guilty of apostasy.The tribunal of Sri Akal Takhl at Amritsar has traditionally been regarded as Supreme in religious, social and secular affairs of the Sikhs and has the authority to issue edicts for providing guidance to the Panth as a whole and to excommunicate any individual who has acted contrary to its interests or who has been found guilty of attempting to overturn any established Sikh religious convention.

Directional injunctions under gurmat can be issued to individuals or communities by Panj Piare, the five elect ones. They will provide solution to problems that arise or problems brought before them.Or, one `consults` the Guru by presenting oneself before the Guru Granth Sahib to obtain in moments of perplexity his (the Guru`s) guidance which comes in the form of the sabda, i.e. hymn or stanza, that first meets the eye at the top of left hand page as the Holy Book is opened at random. There are instances also of the community leaders deciding on a course of action through recourse to such consultation.

The institution of gurmatd (sacred resolution), unanimous decision taken or consensus arrived at in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib, dates back to the early eighteenth century. Some of the conventions and customs established to resolve lingering controversies have become part of gurmat.In regard to the wedding ceremony for instance, the custom of anand kdraj has gained universal acceptance which was not the case until the beginning of the twentieth century: any other form of the ritual will not have the sanction of gurmat today. As regards meateating, gurmat has not given a final verdict, both vegetarianism and non-vegetarianism being concurrently prevalent.

The use of intoxicants is, however, clearly prohibited. Casteism and un-touchability are ruled out in principle; any vestiges of it such as use of castenames as surnames are generally considered against gurmat.The 48 hour long uninterrupted recitation of the Guru Granth Sahib, called akhand path, lias over the decades come to be accepted as part of the Sikh way of life. Gurmat does not approve of renunciation. It insists, on the other hand, on active participation in life.

Human existence, according to Sikh belief, affords one a rare opportunity for self transcendence through cognizing and contemplating on the Name and through deeds of selfless service. One rehearses the qualities of humility, compassion and fraternal love best while living in the world. A householder who works to earn his living and is yet willing to share with others the fruit of his exertion and who cherishes ever God in his heart is, according to gurmat, the ideal man.Even as reverence for the pious and the saintly is regarded desirable, parasitism is forbidden in gurmat.

The cultivation of the values of character and of finer tastes in life is commended. The writings of the Gurus preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib and the Dasam Granth best interpret and elucidate what gurmat is. Some anecdotes recorded in the Janam Sakhis also help explain gurmat principles. A systematic exposition of gurmat principles was for the first time undertaken by Bhai Gurdas (d. 1636), who in his Varan expatiated upon terms such as gurmukh, one attuned to the Gurus` teaching, sangat, fellowship of the holy, and sevd, humble acts of service in the cause of the community and of fellow men in general, besides evolving a framework for the exegetics of gurbdm.

The process of exposition, continued by men of learning such as Baba Miharban (1581-1640), Bhai Mani Singh (d. 1737) and Bhai Santokh Singh (1787-1843) and by the writers of Rahitnama literature reached its culmination in the Singh Sabha movement which produced interpreters of the calibre of Bhai Kahn Singh (1861-1938), Bhai Vir Singh (1872-1957) and Bhai Jodh Singh (1882-1981). BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Kahn Singh, Bhai, Gurmat Mdrtand. Amritsar, 1962 2. Jodh Singh, Bhai, Gurmat Nimnya. Ludhiana, 1932 3. Cavceshar, Sardul Singh, Sikh Dharam Darshan. Patiala, 1969 4. Nripinder Singh, The Sikh Moral Tradition. Delhi, 1990 W.S. GURMATA, a matd, i.e. counsel or resolution adopted by the Sikhs at an assembly of theirs held in the name of the Guru concerning any religious, social or political issue.

The convention grew in the turbulent eighteenth century to determine the consensus of the community on matters affecting its solidarity and survival. In those uncertain days, Sikhs assembled at the Akal Takht at Amritsar on Baisakhi and Divali days and took counsel together, in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib, to plan a course of action in face of an immanent danger or in pursuit of a common objective. The final decision emerging from the deliberations was the gurmatd. It represented the general will of the Khalsa and it carried the sanction of the Guru, the assembly having acted by the authority of the Guru Granth Sahib.

The genesis of the gurmatd is traceable to the teachings of Guru Gobind Singh and the earliest instances in fact go back to his own time. While inaugurating the Khalsa in 1699, the Guru said that all members of the Panth, the Sikh commonwealth, were equal, he (the Guru) being one of them; all previous divisions of caste and status had been obliterated. Before he passed away in 1708, he declared that wherever Sikhs were gathered in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib, there was the Guru himself present and that the counsel thus taken represented the combined will of the Khalsa.

There are at least two instances occurring in the lifetime of Guru Gobind Singh when he let the `general will` of the Khalsa prevail, perhaps against his own judgement. One such instance was the evacuation of Anandpur (1705). Sorely pressed for want of food and ammunition, the besieged Sikhs decided to accept the promises of safe conduct given by the besieging force in return for withdrawal from the Fort. The Guru was not convinced of the genuineness of the besiegers` word, yet he yielded to the will of the Khalsa expressed in council in his own presence.

In the battle of Chamkaur, following the evacuation of Anandpur, most of the Sikhs in train as well as two of the Guru`s sons fell fighting against the pursuing host. The few surviving Sikhs suggested to the Guru to leave the fortress, to which he was not agreeable. They then expressed their joint will in the name of the Khalsa calling upon the Guru to escape. This was a gurmatd in its nascent form. The Guru had no option but to `obey`. Gurmatd had emerged as a well established democratic institution towards the middle of the eighteenth century.

European travellers such as George Forster (A Journey from Bengal to England) and John Malcolm (Sketch of the Sikhs), both of whom visited the Punjab, the former in 1783 and the latter in 1805, have left vivid accounts of the functioning of the gurmatd.According to these accounts, Sikhs gathered twice a year, on the occasions of Baisakhi and Divali, at Akal Takht to take stock of the political situation, to devise ways and means to meet the common danger, to choose men to lead them in battle, and so on. The procedure was democratic. All those who attended these assemblies of the Sarbatt Khalsa, the entire Sikh people, had an equal say in the deliberations.

“All private animosities ceased” and everyone present “sacrificed his personal feeling at the shrine of general good.” Everyone was actuated by “principles of pure patriotism” and considered nothing but “the interest of the religion and the commonwealth” to which he belonged.After the gurmatd was passed, everyone, irrespective of whether he had spoken for or against it when it was debated considered it his religious duty to abide by it. The assembly met in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib and the Dasam Granth.

Inaugural arddsd (supplication) was said by one of those present seeking the Guru`s blessing, sacramental kardhprasdd was distributed and proposals were put forth for discussion. Arddsd, continues John Malcolm, was again recited and all those present vowed, with the Guru Granth Sahib betwixt them, to lay aside all internal disputes and discords. “This moment of religious fervour and ardent patriotism” was utilized to reconcile all animosities.Proposals were then considered and an agreed gurmatd evolved, the whole assembly raising shouts of sat sn akdl together in token of acceptance.

To cite some of the historic gurmatds, Sikhs resolved by mutual counsel at a general assembly at Amritsar in 1726 to avenge the slaying of Tara Singh of Van and his companions and rise to obstruct the functioning of the government. They attacked treasuries and arsenals and chastised the officials who had been spying on them. When in 1733 an offer of a. jdgir and title of Nawab was received from the Mughal governor of Lahore, Sikhs by one voice chose Kapur Singh for the honour.Though there was no formal gurmatd adopted, the consensus was arrived at in a divan in keeping with the same spirit and procedure.

A Sikh conclave took place at Amritsar on Divali (14 October) of 1745 to take stock of the situation following the death of the governor of Lahore, Zakariya Khan, who had launched largescale persecution, and adopted a gurmatd extending sanction to the 25 Sikh groups which had emerged and permitting them to carry out raids on Mughal strongholds. The assembly held on the Baisakhi day (30 March) of 1747 resolved by a gurmatd passed to erect at Amritsar a fort which came to be known as Ram Rauni.Byagurw apassedin 1748 (Baisakhi, 29 March), Sikhs decided to establish the Dal Khalsa, choosing Jassa Singh Ahluvalia as the leader and reducing the number of recognized jathds to 11 (the number having gone up to 65 by then) and providing for a record being kept at the Akal Takht of the possessions of each group in a separate file {mist).

A gurmatd in 1753 formally endorsed the system of Rakhi introduced by the ruling Sikh clans. In 1765, a gurmata was passed proclaiming the supremacy of the Sarbatt Khalsa over individual leaders.Through another gurmatd the same year, a coin was struck with the inscription, Deg o tegh o fateh o nusrat be dirang, ydft az Ndnak Guru Gobind Singh (prosperity, power and unfailing victory received from Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh), and on the reverse, “Struck at Lahore, the seat of government, in the auspicious samvat 1822 (AD 1765).” To challenge Ahmad Shah Durrani returning from Sirhind to Lahore at the time of his seventh invasion of India (1764-65), the Sikhs made a gurmatd.

“All the Sikhs,” records Ratan Singh Bharigu, Prachin Panth Prakash, “assembled in a divan. Silting in one place, they adopted a gurmatd that they must now confront the Shah and match arms with him. Every second day, they say, he comes and harasses us. Without fighting him now, we shall obtain no peace.He who survives will be spared this daily suffering; he who dies attains realms divine.” Conquests up to 1767 were made by the misis in the name of the Khalsa, but, with personal ambition and aggrandizement gaining the upper hand over the years, the sense of a corporate Sikh commonwealth gradually wore away.

In the days of Sikh rule, the institution of gurmatd fell into desuetude. The last semblance of a gurmatd was an assembly of Sikh sarddrs called by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1805 to discuss the situation arising from the entry into Sikh dominions of the fugitive Maratha chief, Jasvant Rao Holkar, followed by British troops under Lord Lake.The word gurmatd was resurrected after the lapse of Sikh sovereignty, especially with the rise of the Singh Sabha movement in the closing decades of the nineteenth century. Gurmatd then referred to any decision on a matter of religious or social import arrived at by common consent at a Sikh assembly in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib. The Akali movement brought within its orbit political issues as well. The word gurmatd is now in everyday use for a resolution adopted at a Sikh religious divan or political conference.

References :

1. Bhangil, Ratan Singh, Prachin Panth Prakash. Amritsar, 1914 2. Bhagat Singh, Sikh Polity in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Delhi, 1978 3. Malcolm, John, Sketch of the Sikhs. Patiala, 1970 4. Forster, George, A Journey from Bengal to England. Patiala, 1970

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