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• Rolex Yacht-Master History

The Yacht-Master was not the first of Rolex’s watches to be designed with sea adventurers in mind. However, rather than focusing on the usability of the watch as a tool, as they did with the Submariner, Rolex seems to have set out to create a tool for boating, while focusing on the luxury and aesthetic look of the watch.

When the Yacht-Master was first introduced in 1992, it seemed to capitalize on the success of Rolex’s first nautical inspired watch, the Submariner. The original Yacht-Master may have been a redesign of the Submariner, though it looks like early Rolex Daytona models. There were many changes, including the size, which was slightly bigger than the Dayton’s 36mm, at 39.5mm. Other changes included an etched bezel insert that was permanently soldered to the bezel, larger hands and maxi-markers, and smooth, rounded edges.

Though it was created in the 1960’s, it was not initially released. Some think that Rolex thought the changes to the Submariner were too drastic, thus created an entirely new model: the Yacht-Master. Rolex originally introduced the new Yacht-Master in 1992 with Reference 16628. As with all Rolex watched, the Yacht-Master focused on strength and durability, thus it had a triple-lock crown and resisted water up to 100 meters (330 feet). While maintaining strength and durability, the watch also features luxurious materials and design, as has come to be expected from Rolex. Made from 18kt gold, the watch is topped with a white dial and is 40mm in size. Inside, the watch features a 3135 movement, which is the same movement used in the Rolex Submariner. With its gold features and impeccable style, the Yacht-Master was initially intended as a more luxurious version of the Submariner.

In 1994, Rolex introduced a 35mm mid-sized edition of the Yacht-Master with Reference 69628. This particular reference was geared toward the Asian market, or more specifically for men with smaller wrists. That same year Rolex introduced the women's 29mm version of the Yacht-Master with Reference 69628. Continuing to improve the model, Rolex also issued a new version of the 40mm men’s Yacht-Master in 1994 as well. The 18K gold watch features a beautiful blue sunray dial. Again, in 1999, Rolex improved upon the Yacht-Master design, introduction a stainless steel version of the 40mm at the Basel Fair. This mix of steel and platinum has been termed Rolesium. A unique feature of this reference is its platinum dial. This version was also the first modern Yacht-Master to bring back the timeless maxi-markers and larger hands of the original. The rare and expensive materials, size, and precision design make the Yacht-Master one of Rolex’s most luxurious watches.

Over the next few years and on into the 2000s, Rolex continued to improve upon the design. Aesthetically, some versions of the Yacht-Master pushed the limits of luxury, adding a beautiful mother of pearl dial, as well as two-tone metal versions, mixing steel and gold.

In 2012,  Rolex information was released about a new version of the stainless steel and platinum Yacht-Master, adding a stunning cobalt blue sunray dial. Some had complained about the “overuse” of the similar looking stainless steel and platinum, which some believe made the watch too monochrome. Rolex remedied this with the 2012 introduction, breaking up the platinum and stainless steel with a lovely pop of color.

The latest in the Yacht-Master line is Reference 116622. The sleek and sporty Oyster Perpetual Yacht-Master is meant to epitomize the tie between Rolex and sailing. For variety, Rolex offers it in three sizes: 40mm, 35mm and 29mm. The mother-of-pearl blue dials continue to add a beautiful pop of color to the sleek and modern stainless steel and platinum combination. Large hour markers and broad hands, in combination with the raised and polished numerals and graduations which clearly stand out against the contrasting matt of the dial, make the watch easily readable. Made of 18K yellow gold of 950 platinum, the Yacht-Master’s bidirectional rotatable, 60-minute graduated bezel allows the wearer to calculate sailing time.

To ensure safety, especially on the water, Rolex ensures waterproofness in their design up to 300 meters (1,000 feet). Utilizing Rolex’s Triplock winding crown, the watch is specially designed to resist water pressure, as the winding crown screws down against the Oyster case as tightly and completely as an oyster’s shell. First invented by Rolex in 1926, the Oyster case and waterproof features continue to be used to this day. Another safety feature added by Rolex is the Oyster bracelet. As the link between the wearer and the watch, the Oyster bracelet has been designed to not only be aesthetically pleasing and comfortable, but also strong and innovative. Featuring a special clasp designed to prevent accidental opening, the Oyster bracelet is not only aesthetic pleasing but safe and strong, giving the wearer a peace of mind.

Inside, the new Yacht-Master features many important innovations, including the blue Parachrom hairspring. One of the most important components of a watch is its oscillator. Conventional oscillator hairsprings are made of ferromagnetic alloys, leaving them vulnerable to magnetic fields, temperature variations, and shocks (i.e. the watch is dropped), that interfere with their precision. To combat these issues, Rolex created the blue Parachrom hairspring. Finer than a human hair, the Parachrom hairspring is crafted from a highly stable paramagnetic alloy that includes niobium and zirconium. Unaffected by magnetic fields, it is up to 10 times more resistant to shocks. The Yacht-Master is also equipped with caliber 3135, a self-winding mechanical movement entirely developed and manufactured by Rolex and certified as an official Swiss chronometer.

Rarely does Rolex introduce a completely new model. In its long history, one of the last new models to be introduced was the Rolex Daytona, in 1964. 28 years later in 1992, another new model was released carrying the name Yacht-Master. This new design was the second Rolex watch, after the Submariner, to be developed around the Nautical theme. The latest new model, the Sky-Dweller, was introduced in 2012. Thus, historically Rolex makes new references, or versions, of models often, but it seems to take at least 20 years for Rolex to release a completely new model. However, when new models, like the Yacht-Master, are released, it is soon clear that their look, feel, and features were worth the wait.

The Watch Of The Open Seas: History Of The Rolex Yacht-Master

Instagram: @rolex

In the year 1992, Swiss watchmaker Rolex would debut a new model line at the Baselworld show that was strikingly similar to the already-popular Submariner. It featured the same 40mm Oyster case with a rotating bezel, the same chronometer-certified caliber, and the same Oyster bracelet.

Seemingly the only difference between the two was the white dial of that first Yacht-Master, a style which has never been an option on a Sub, and the inferior depth rating of 100m when compared to the Sub’s 300m.

Yet, the Yacht-Master was well-received upon launch, and with the passing of time, the yachting-inspired model has evolved and pioneered its own path within Rolex’s catalog.

Read on with us as we go back to the beginning and track the catalysts that paved the way for the most recent Yacht-Master release, the Yacht-Master 42 (226659), to become one of the hottest sports timepieces of the year.

History Of The Rolex Yacht-Master

We’ve broken down our overview of the Yacht-Master into the following segments:

• Release Of The Yacht-Master

The Submariner/Yacht-Master Theory

• Mid-Size & Ladies’ Yacht-Master
• Platinum (Rolesium) Yacht-Master

The Maxi Dial Yacht-Master

• Two-Tone Rolesor Yacht-Master

The Yacht-Master II

• Six-Digit Yacht-Master

The Oysterflex Yacht-Master

Keep scrolling to read this guide from its beginning, or use the links above to jump down to a specific point.

Browse Bob’s Watches Rolex Catalogue

The Release Of The Yacht-Master

The first Yacht-Master watch was launched in 1992 under reference number 16628. It featured a yellow gold case, a bidirectional graduated bezel, and a matching full-gold Oyster bracelet. Its dial was white with black hour indices, while at center were gold Mercedes hands, and beating inside was the 3135 movement.

Rolex ref. 16628. Instagram: @m_j_watches

Previous to the Yacht-Master’s introduction, Rolex had not released a new model line in a quarter century. So, why did they go with the Yacht-Master, a design that risked being a detractor from their existing Submariner? Let’s take a look at the inspiration.

The sport of yachting is one which demands precise timing and extreme coordination of the entire crew for optimal performance, particularly in offshore competitions.

Prototype Daytona Yacht-Master ref. 6239. Image: Christies.com

Rolex believed their waterproof and chronometer-grade timepieces to be more than qualified to handle the knocks of a regatta and keep ticking accurately. The brand is also notorious for their marketing prowess, which led them to act quickly in establishing an association with the sport.

Beginning in 1958 with their first sponsorship of a race, the relationship has endured until today, when the brand sponsors over a dozen international yachting events.

Nevertheless, it’s hard to deny that there exists a large gap between first contact in 1958 and the release of the yacht-inspired timepiece in the early ’90s. Why wasn’t the Yacht-Master released earlier on?

Well, Rolex played around with the idea of yachting chronograph early on, though it never materialized. All that’s left of these trials are an extremely limited number of Daytona ref. 6239 chronograph prototypes with a 39mm case (vs standard 36mm) and modified regatta dials.

Unfortunately, the Yacht-Master concept was scrapped and would not reappear until decades later.

When it did return, none of the previous Yacht-Master’s DNA was there. Furthermore, the 1992 Yacht-Master was bizarrely similar to the 16610 Sub of the time.

Interestingly enough, Rolex folklore tells of a time in the ’80s when the brand sought to update their Submariner . What resulted was less of an update and more of an overhaul, manifested as what we know now as the first Yacht-Master.

Apprehensive of the repercussions that making such aggressive design changes to their staple offering could bring, the brand chose instead to release the watch intended to be a new Submariner as the reborn Yacht-Master instead.

The move worked, and the new Yacht-Masters started flying off the shelves. The Yacht-Master was perceived as a more luxurious Sub, though its bidirectional bezel proved useful for on-the-fly countdowns which are critical in sailing competitions. The waterproof nature of the Oyster case further cemented the Yacht-Master as the ideal first mate.

Mid-Size & Ladies’ Yacht-Master

In 1994, just two years after the debut of the 16628, Rolex would introduce the same design but in smaller case sizes. These were:

• Ref. 68628: Yacht-Master “Mid-Size” in 35mm
• Ref. 69628: Yacht-Master Ladies’ in 29mm

This marked the first time that Rolex ever offered one of their sports models in a smaller case size; all previous instances of case size changes were increases as opposed to reductions. It has been speculated that the smaller cases were intended for the Asian market.

Yacht-Master ref. 16628. Instagram: @thewatchcentre

In the same year, Rolex also offered the same 16628 but this time with a deep blue dial. Blue dials tend to make for broadly-liked watches, and coupled with the gold case and bracelet, the new version was once again a hit.

The Platinum (Rolesium) Yacht-Master

The next update to the model line would come in 1999 with yet another home-run: the Rolesium Yacht-Master. The new watch featured a stainless steel case and bracelet with a platinum dial and platinum-insert bezel. Rolesium, a term registered by Rolex back in the ’30s for a combination of steel and platinum in a watch, was finally put to use.

The new platinum Yacht-Master ref. 16622 was not only more accessible than the previous all-gold varieties, it was also more versatile. This would lead the 16622 variety to become the face of the Yacht-Master line.

In fact, many online resources erroneously label it the first Yacht-Master ever; this should offer an idea of how emblematic it is in the watch industry.

The 16622 also presented a new dial and hand style that would mark Rolex as a whole through to the modern day. The new Yacht-Master boasted what is now recognized as the “maxi dial”.

Rolex Yacht-Master 16628 w/ maxi dial. Instagram: @kellokonttori

The maxi dial is characterized by oversized hour indices as well as larger hands at center. To the untrained eye, the difference may be difficult to spot, though experienced collectors will note the change instantly.

The maxi dial became the style of choice for all modern Rolex sports watches, though it got its start in the 1999 platinum Yacht-Master. A Submariner would first feature a maxi dial in 2003, with the release of the 50th anniversary Rolex Submariner “Kermit” (16610LV).

All versions of the Yacht-Master produced after the introduction of the maxi dial would also feature the new dial design. This included the blue, gold, and white dial versions from years past.

The Two-Tone (Rolesor) Yacht-Master

Six years after the Rolesium Yacht-Master came to be, Rolex would once more put on display their mixed-metal Rolesor style in the two-tone Yacht-Master 16623.

Yacht-Master ref. 16623. Instagram: @v.davidofftimepieces

The 2005 debuts possessed a 40mm steel case, a yellow gold bidirectional bezel, and a two-tone Oyster bracelet. As far as dials, many of the previous styles were also available like the black-on-white, though mother of pearl version were also introduced.

It was during Baselworld 2007 when Rolex would introduce the Yacht-Master’s younger and much larger sibling, the Yacht-Master II. Whereas the original Yacht-Master was very close functionally to the Sub, the Yacht-Master II was completely the opposite.

It can be said that the only overlap between the YM and the YMII is be the name, as the second iteration looks like a whole new watch. This time, though, it’s clear that the watch has been designed with the needs of yachting professionals in mind.

The first Yacht-Master II were marked by a 44mm Oyster case, an Oyster bracelet, a white dial,  and a blue Cerachrom (ceramic) Ring Command bezel. The first two references, 116688 and 116689, were made of yellow gold and white gold, respectively.

Powering the YMII was another innovation – Rolex’s in-house calibre 4161. It features the COSC-chronometer certification and 72-hour power reserve that are today’s standard, though they were industry-leading at the time. Most notable, though, was the 4161 movement’s functions.

The new caliber boasted a “ programmable countdown with mechanical memory and on-the-fly synchronization. ” Naturally, the programming of the movement required the use of the Ring Command bezel, a feature which had also never been encountered on a Rolex watch before.

In later years, Rolex would go on to release Rolesor and full-steel versions of the Yacht-Master II, both of which have been relatively successful. The Yacht-Master II has certainly earned a spot in the brand’s catalog, and is sure to stick around for next couple of decades.

The Six-Digit Yacht-Master

Yacht-Master 116622

Twenty years after it debuted as the 16628, the Yacht-Master would see in 2012 the modernization that had been sweeping Rolex’s other model families.

Aside from receiving a new six-digit reference number (116622), subtle aesthetic changes were also present, as was an outstanding new dial option – the Cobalt Blue dial.

The case was now a “super case”, which retained the 40mm diameter but was styled differently. The bezel was now completely platinum, where previous versions were made of steel with a platinum insert. The Oyster bracelet had likewise been upgraded.

A platinum bezel / platinum dial option was still part of the collection and therefore received the same upgrades. Unfortunately, this iconic “albino” look would be completely discontinued in 2017.

The subsequent and most recent significant change to the Yacht-Master family took place in 2015, when Rolex first introduced the Everose Yacht-Master 40 ref. 116655.

Rolex Everose Yacht-Master on Oysterflex bracelet

The newest iteration of the YM possessed some new features. The case was made of Everose, and the bezel now boasted a black Cerachrom insert. Securing the watch to the wrist was another Rolex first – the Oysterflex rubber ‘bracelet’.

Before the 116655, no Rolex watch had ever sported a rubber band. The brand still refers to it as a bracelet given the metal elements within the band, but these are not obvious even with the watch in the hand.

This same style of Yacht-Master would receive the next update in 2019, when Rolex introduced the Yacht-Master 42 in white gold.

What’s Next?

With the recent changes that the Yacht-Master line has had, it is clear that Rolex intends to keep this model family alive and well for years to come. Consumers are likewise responding to each new release, offering plenty of feedback with their pocketbooks.

If you’d like to read up on any of Rolex’s other model families, make sure to check out some of our extensive watch guides below:

• History Of The Rolex Cosmograph Daytona
• Overview Of The Most Luxurious Pilot’s Watch: The GMT-Master
• How Did The Day-Date Become The President’s Watch?
• Review Of Rolex’s Longest Running Watch Model
• Rolex Watches That Could Become The Investment Of A Lifetime

"I have always been a fan of the Yacht-Master, but I had no idea that it didn't exist until the 1990s. Thanks for the information, and thanks for keeping it entertaining. Well done!"

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FIFTH WRIST

Owner review: rolex yacht master 16622.

The 1980s was a time of innovation at Rolex, with a refresh of everything in the Rolex catalog and putting a more modern and premium look to the entire line up. Gone are the days of Matte Painted dials, and hand-wound movements of the Daytona but in with the new Glossy dials, White Gold Indices and Sapphire Crystals, similar to the Rolex Line-Up you see today. The 1980s brought change aesthetically and internally to the entire catalog, but while Rolex was in development of the then new Submariner 16610, the iconic design you know today was a redesign of the original?

In the 1980s, Rolex wanted to significantly update and modernize the Rolex Submariner and give a more modern take of the outgoing Submariner 16800 of the late 70s-mid 80s. Rolex experimented with several designs, trying to give a more modern look while keeping the essence and design aspects of a submariner. They were adamant about keeping the submariner DNA for the new redesign and were scared that when unveiled, the design may not appeal to the fans of the brand and the submariner. We are of course talking about one of the most iconic and recognisable watches of all time. The thing was, they really liked the new design, since its more sleek and modern than the outgoing 16800. At the end of the day the Submariner 16610 you know and love came out and was an instant hit and the rest was history. But what happened to the prototype design? The Rolex Yacht Master 16622 was born.

In 1997, we saw the introduction of the Stainless steel Rolex Yacht Master 16622. The 16622 series came in two dial variations Blue and wait for it…..Platinum. You Read it right, they used a solid platinum dial and a platinum rotating bezel, unique only to the Yachtmaster Line. This was the first time Rolex has experimented with the mix of elements being steel and Platinum in a sports watch .

The Rolex Yacht Master 16622 was also the first new release to use super luminova instead of tritium. The Rolesium Yacht Master was seen as a very unique watch that was somewhat oddball in the world of watches because of its combination of materials and its flashy looks featuring the polished centre link bracelet.

If you wanted a more elegant sports watch that looks good on formal occasions and also in the sports club, then the yacht master is the watch for you. The platinum dial glistens under the light and looks simply stunning together with the red contrast “Yacht Master” text and red seconds hand.

The Ladies 29mm and MidSize 35mm versions were also available and in my opinion, would be a stunning watch to pair with your significant other. One of the biggest drawbacks was the price, it was one of, if not the most expensive steel Rolex in the retail catalogue.

The Rolex Yacht Master 16622 was updated in 2013 with the 116622. It included updates such as the more modern Rolex easy link clasp, an updated dial with thinner fonts and a smoother glossy look as opposed to the more metallic look of the old dial. The addition of super luminova instead of the old luminova also make the dial look different. Changes were also made to the bracelet with the end-links fitting much more nicely into the lugs.

Recently we have seen many things happen in the watch market . Rolex Sports Models have had a meteoric rise in value, the hype around every sports model in the Rolex range and truly there insane prices for some pieces in the Submariner ,GMT, Explorer and especially Daytona lines.

In my opinion the Rolex Yacht Master 16622 is a lot of watch for the money. You get precious metals, flashy looks, stunning dial, reliable movement, beautiful finishing and modern looks for around 8,000 USD or 400k pesos. All less than a new submariner !

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A buying guide to most popular Rolex Yacht-Master Models

Guide To Popular Rolex Yacht-Master Models

Rolex debuted the Yacht-Master watch in 1992 as a luxury sports watch crafted in precious gold yet durable enough for an active life at sea. The nautical-inspired Rolex watch featured a rotating timing bezel, a water-resistance rating of 100 meters, and a time and date dial. The Yacht-Master shared many design traits with the famed Submariner watch—such as a similar dial layout, case silhouette, and bracelet style—but it was a touch more luxurious thanks to its own set of design details. Over the course of its history, the Rolex Yacht-Master collection has expanded into a varied lineup with watches offered in several sizes, materials, and colors. Here’s a guide to some of the most popular Rolex Yacht-Master watches, ranging from discontinued models to current-production ones.

Where it all began:

The very first Yacht-Master model that Rolex released was a full yellow gold version. It sported a 40mm yellow gold case, a yellow gold rotating bezel with raised numerals, and a yellow gold three-link Oyster bracelet. Two years later in 1994, Rolex followed it up with two other yellow gold models—a ladies’ 29mm version and a midsize 35mm version. While Rolex no longer produces full yellow gold Yacht-Master models, they remain popular in the secondary market.

In 2015, Rolex introduced the very first Everose gold (the brand’s own rose gold pink alloy) Yacht-Master. However, rather than a full gold model, the Everose gold Yacht-Master models (available in 40mm and 37mm) included black ceramic bezels with raised numerals and a brand new black rubber-clad metal band called the Oysterflex bracelet. Dial options include sleek black and lavish diamond-paved. It’s also worth mentioning that there are some rare Everose gold Yacht-Master 40 models furnished with rotating bezels set with multi-colored precious gems (diamond, sapphire, and tsavorite). 

Here is a flamboyant version of it of the Everose gold Yacht-Master 40:

Finally, in 2019, Rolex released the first white gold Yacht-Master watch. Not only is this the only white gold Yacht-Master model ever made, but with its 42mm case, it is also the largest. 

Similar to the Everose gold model, the white gold Yacht-Master is fitted with a black ceramic bezel and black Oysterflex bracelet, along with a black dial. 

Prices (current collection):

• Everose Gold Yacht-Master 37 ref. 268655: $23,250 - 41,000
• Everose Gold Yacht-Master 40 ref. 126655: $27,300 – 47,150
• White Gold Yacht-Master 40 ref. 226659: $28,900

Rolesium Rolex Yacht-Master Models

In 1999, Rolex presented a new metal combination the brand called Rolesium, which brings together stainless steel and platinum on one watch. Like the yellow gold models, the Rolesium Yacht-Master models were offered in 40mm, 35mm, and 29mm versions. 

Regardless of the size, all the watches include stainless steel cases, stainless steel Oyster bracelets, and platinum rotating bezels with raised numerals. Particular popular versions of the Rolesium Yacht-Master watches are those with sandblasted platinum dials—although discontinued, these platinum dial Yacht-Masters are still widely available in the pre-owned market. 

Currently, Rolex still makes steel and platinum Yacht-Master watches. However, size options have been scaled down to 40mm and 37mm since Rolex stopped making 29mm or 35mm versions of the Yacht-Master around 2015. The Rolesium Yacht-Master 40 offers the choice between a rhodium gray or a blue dial while the Rolesium Yacht-Master 37 only comes with a rhodium gray dial. 

Prices (current collection): 

• Rolesium Yacht-Master 37 ref. 268622: $11,250
• Rolesium Yacht-Master 40 ref. 126622: $12,000

Rolesor Rolex Yacht-Master Models

Rolesor is the term Rolex gives to its models that mix gold and steel details—better known as two-tone watches. The first two-tone Yacht-Master watches, which featured steel cases topped with yellow gold bezels and steel Oyster bracelets with yellow gold center links, were launched in the mid-1990s. However, Rolesor Yacht-Master watches were first only offered in midsize (35mm) and ladies (29mm) sizes. The men’s 40mm two-tone yellow gold and stainless steel Yacht-Master joined the lineup in the early 2000s. Rolex stopped making yellow gold and steel Yacht-Master models a few years back but the brand has replaced them with another Rolesor option—two-tone Everose gold and steel ones. The current-production two-tone Yacht-Master models include stainless steel cases topped with Everose gold bezels and stainless steel Oyster bracelets with Everose gold center links. The Everose Rolesor models are available with 40mm or 37mm cases and both sizes offer the option between a black or brown dial. 

• Everose Rolesor Yacht-Master 37 ref. 268621: $13,150 
• Everose Rolesor Yacht-Master 40 ref. 126621: $14,500

In less than three decades, the Yacht-Master has grown to become Rolex’s most diverse sports watch collection, offering a vast assortment of sizes and styles for both men and women. From the discontinued models to the current-production ones, the Yacht-Master’s distinct combination of luxury and robustness has paved the way for its enduring popularity.

Find out more:

To find out more about which Rolex hold their value you can read more of our guides where we cover all Rolex Nicknames or our classic guide to the Day Date models and our comparision with their sister brand: Rolex vs Tudor .

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The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)

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Pages:  379-406

In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova  (Moscow, Russian Federation).  (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Kharis Mustafin  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Irina Alborova  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Alina Matzvai  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected]

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